A novel approach for pitch mark determination based on dynamical systems theory is presented. Pitch marks are used for speech analysis and modification, such as jitter measurement or time scale modification. The algorithm works in a pseudo-state space and calculates the Poincaré section at a chosen point in the state space. Pitch marks are then found at the crossing of the trajectories with the...

aims: venomous snake bites are public health problems in different parts of the world. the most specific mainstay in the treatment of envenomation is anti-venom. to treat the envenomation, it is very important to identify the offending species. this study was designed to determine the penetrating pattern of fangs and teeth of some viper snakes.  materials & methods: this descriptive study was p...