Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly fatal brain cancer in adults. Existing treatment methods are ineffective we need of new treatments that extend the overall survival improve quality-of-life. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) proteins enable cells to communicate with one another surrounding environment. Intracellular molecule 1 (ICAM1) a CAM expressed by TAMs GBM. T...

Abstract PD-1- and PD-L1-targeted immune checkpoint blockade therapy has shown great clinical potential. Unfortunately, this been ineffective in a majority of patients bearing solid tumors due to the highly immunosuppressive nature tumor microenvironment. As macrophages compose most abundant myeloid cell subset within tumor, current macrophage-targeted treatments aim deplete reduce suppression....

Bmi1 is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including gastrointestinal cancer. The high expression level of Bmi1 protein is associated with poor prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. On the other hand, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by producing various mediators in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was t...

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique subset of cells within tumors with stemlike properties that have been proposed to be key drivers of tumor initiation and progression. CSCs are functionally defined by their unlimited self-renewal capacity and their ability to initiate tumor formation in vivo. Like normal stem cells, CSCs exist in a cellular niche comprised of numerous cell types including t...

A tumor promoting role of macrophages has been described for a transgenic murine breast cancer model. In this model tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a major component of the leukocytic infiltrate and are associated with tumor progression. Shigella flexneri is a bacterial pathogen known to specificly induce apotosis in macrophages. To evaluate whether Shigella-induced removal of mac...

It is now well recognized that myeloid cells of the innate immunity infiltrating the tumor micro-environment, instead of halting tumor progression, favour the proliferation of tumor cells and their invasive ability. In particular, macrophages represent the most abundant leukocyte population recruited at tumor sites, from early stages till the occurrence of metastasis. Tumor-Associated Macrophag...

Tumor resistance is a major hurdle to anti-Her2/neu Ab-based cancer therapy. Current strategies to overcome tumor resistance focus on tumor cell-intrinsic resistance. However, the extrinsic mechanisms, especially the tumor microenvironment, also play important roles in modulating the therapeutic response and resistance of the Ab. In this study, we demonstrate that tumor progression is highly as...

Purpose: Medulloblastoma in children can be categorized into at least four molecular subgroups, offering the potential for targeted therapeutic approaches to reduce treatment-related morbidities. Little is known about the role of tumor microenvironment in medulloblastoma or its contribution to these molecular subgroups. Tumor microenvironment has been shown to be an important source for therape...

BACKGROUND In 2011, Royston et al. described technical details of a two-arm, multi-stage (TAMS) design. The design enables a trial to be stopped part-way through recruitment if the accumulating data suggests a lack of benefit of the experimental arm. Such interim decisions can be made using data on an available 'intermediate' outcome. At the conclusion of the trial, the definitive outcome is an...

BACKGROUND A relationship between the increased density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and decreased survival was recently reported in thyroid cancer patients. Among these tumors, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive solid tumors in humans. TAMs (type M2) have been recognized as promoting tumor growth. The purpose of our study was to analyze with immunohistochem...