The family of temporal difference (TD) methods span a spectrum from computationally frugal linear methods like TD(λ) to data efficient least squares methods. Least square methods make the best use of available data directly computing the TD solution and thus do not require tuning a typically highly sensitive learning rate parameter, but require quadratic computation and storage. Recent algorith...

The phasic firing of dopamine neurons has been theorized to encode a reward-prediction error as formalized by the temporal-difference (TD) algorithm in reinforcement learning. Most TD models of dopamine have assumed a stimulus representation, known as the complete serial compound, in which each moment in a trial is distinctly represented. We introduce a more realistic temporal stimulus represen...

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder caused by chronic treatment of psychiatric patients with dopamine (DA) receptor blocking drugs (Stacy & Jankovic 1991). Although TD is one of the most important and frequently encountered iatrogenic disorders in clinical medicine, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We have observed a hyperkinetic movement disorder in rats experi...

In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed a black box warning on metoclopramide (MCP) due to the increased risks and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD). In this study, we developed a multi-step biomedical informatics screening (MSBIS) approach leveraging publicly available bioactivity and drug safety data to identify concomitant drugs that mitigate the risks of MCP-induced T...

Received :5 October 2008, Accepted :27 October 2008 Address for correspondence :Jin Han Kang, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, #665 Pupyung 6dong, Pupyung-gu, 403-720, Incheon, Korea Tel :+82-32-510-5672, Fax:+82-32-503-9724 E-mail :[email protected] This study was supported by research funds from Korea Food & Drug Administration (...

The effects of growth rate (Gr), deposition temperature (Td), film thickness (tF ), and substrate induced strain (ǫ) on morphological, crystallographic and magnetic characteristics of equiatomic CoPt epitaxial films synthesized with pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are investigated. The (001) oriented single crystal substrates of MgO, SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 provide different degree of epitaxial strain ...

Using a time-dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT), Configuration Interaction Singles (CIS) and Zerner’s Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (ZINDO) methods, we have investigated the UV-Visible spectra of one new intramolecular cyclization at before and after intramolecular attack. All structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level while UV-Visible parameters were calcul...

Tenofovir disoproxil (TD), an anti-virus drug, is currently marketed under its most stable form, Form-I of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). However, studies regarding the properties of TD free base crystal as a promising drug as well as its crystal structure have not yet been reported. This assumption was made because TD free base is not directly produced in a solid form during the manufact...

PURPOSE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapidly evolving, robust technology that has profoundly changed the practice of ophthalmology. Spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) increases axial resolution 2- to 3-fold and scan speed 60- to 110-fold vs time domain OCT (TD-OCT). SD-OCT enables novel scanning, denser sampling, and 3-dimensional imaging. This thesis tests my hypothesis that SD-OCT improv...