introduction: empathy refers to a personality character that has a great role in communication with others. thus, proper evaluation and education of empathy in medical students is important for medical education. because previous studies had suggested that physician’s empathy may reduce with clinical trainings, in this study we decided to measure the empathy score among medical students. method...

The cascading polarization contributing to the femtosecond fifth-and seventh-order coherent Raman scattering processes is obtained in terms of the third-and fifth-order Raman response functions. It is found that four cascading processes contribute to the fifth-order Raman scattering signal. In the case of the seventh-order Raman scattering, there are 34 possible cascading processes contributing...