We empirically examine the trade-off theory of capital structure, allowing for infrequent adjustment. After showing that the behavior of financing decisions (security issuances and retirements) is consistent with direct evidence on external financing costs, we use a dynamic duration model to show that firms behave as though adhering to a dynamic trade-off policy in which they actively rebalance...

The classification of quasi primary fields is outlined. It is proved that the only conserved quasi primary currents are the energy momentum tensor and the O(N)Noether currents. Derivation of all quasi primary fields and the resolution of degeneracy is sketched. Finally the limits d = 2 and d = 4 of the space dimension are discussed. Whereas the latter is trivial the former is only almost so. (T...

The experimental data about elastic scattering of protons and their theoretical interpretations are briefly reviewed. The time delay between the conference and preparation of the manuscript allowed me to modify it and include more recent important results. Some modern problems of elastic scattering of hadrons newly revealed by experimental data obtained at the LHC are discussed. Among them are ...

We consider mappings between edge sets of graphs that lift tensions to tensions. Such mappings are called tension-continuous mappings (shortly mappings). Existence of a mapping induces a (quasi)order on the class of graphs, which seems to be an essential extension of the homomorphism order (studied extensively, see [10]). In this paper we study the relationship of the homomorphism and orders. W...

We introduce a novel technique for characterising networks using the structure of their sub-graphs, which we call the network’s fine structure. To judge the similarities between networks we use the earth mover’s distance between the distributions of features of their constituent sub-graphs. This technique is an abstraction of graph edit-distance. Given these similarity measures we explore their...

Let Γ be a connected, locally finite graph of finite tree width and G be a group acting on it with finitely many orbits and finite node stabilizers. We provide an elementary and direct construction of a tree T on which G acts with finitely many orbits and finite vertex stabilizers. Moreover, the tree is defined directly in terms of the structure tree of optimally nested cuts of Γ. Once the tree...

Crystalline sheets of Acanthamoeba actin induced by the trivalent lanthanide gadolinium exist in three different polymorphic forms, which show different striation patterns and surface topographies. We have called these different forms "rectangular" and "square" sheets, and "cylinders" and have shown that each of the three forms is constructed from common "basic" lattices associated in different...

The thorough descriptive studies by the early cytologists Meves (1901, 1907), Retzius (1904, 1909), Bowen (1920, 1922 a-c, 1924), Pollister (1930), and Johnson (1931) provided later workers with a remarkably accurate picture of the microscopic anatomy of insect spermatozoa and of spermiogenesis in several insect species . Their light microscope observations were necessarily lacking in detail, h...

SFI Working Papers contain accounts of scientific work of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Santa Fe Institute. We accept papers intended for publication in peer-reviewed journals or proceedings volumes, but not papers that have already appeared in print. Except for papers by our external faculty, papers must be based on work done at SFI, inspired by an invited vis...