In the past decade a political and economic crisis has unfolded in Zimbabwe, resulting in two-digit negative growth rates, sky-rocketing inflation, decline in the rule of law and a disintegration of markets, notably rural input, output and labour markets. There has been little or no primary data collection to document the effects of these crises on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. This p...

We define the distinction between productivity and employment risk and estimate the components of risk using wage and mobility data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We then calibrate a model of intertemporal consumption and labor supply and study the effect of the two sources of risk on precautionary saving and labor supply. Finally, we measure the relative welfare costs of employment a...

Migration is considered a pathway out of poverty for many rural households in developing countries. National policies can discourage households from exploiting external employment opportunities through the distortion of capital markets. Studies in China show that the presence of state and collectively owned land creates inefficiencies in the labor market. We examine the extent restrictions on l...

We study the long-term effect of becoming a refugee on employment, income and later mobility. After the World War II, Finland ceded a tenth of its land area to the Soviet Union. The entire population in the ceded areas were settled into the remaining parts of the country. Using individual-level panel data, we find that forced migration increased longterm income. The effect is strongest among me...

In this paper I develop a theoretical foundation for analyzing how gender roles in the household affect foreign direct investment in a developing country context. It is argued that the extent to which women and men share the costs of social reproduction at the household level is a central determinant of women’s labor supply and the profitability of investment. I combine a model of family struct...

abstract background: labor is a physiologic process, and consideration of labor pain and relieving that is among the major components of maternal care. application of some labor position can lay the fetus better in pelvic canal direction. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of laying the mother in three labor positions on the pain severity in the second, third, and fourth stages o...

Grandparents are regular providers of free child care. Similar to other forms of child care, availability of grandparent-provided child care affects fertility and labor force participation of women positively. However, grandparent-provided child care requires residing close to parents or in-laws which may imply costly spatial restrictions. We find that mothers residing close to parents or in-la...

Wage Growth and Job Mobility in the U.K. and Germany This paper investigates job mobility and estimates the returns to tenure and experience in the United Kingdom and Germany. We show evidence that job mobility is higher in the UK than in Germany, and that job movers may be negatively selected in Germany, but not in the UK. Our findings suggest that returns to experience are substantially highe...

From the perspective of organization design, this paper investigates and compares the levels and characteristics of China and Japan’s agricultural organization. (1) In Japan, the individual household is the building block of the agricultural organization in that they possess complete moving rights of their labor and complete property rights over land (although the land mobility is limited by go...

European Union enlargement and the commitment to the free movement of labour within the Union raises the possibility of a substantial East-West wave of migration. This paper addresses three separate issues: first, the economic impact on host and donor countries of migration from a less developed Eastern region to more developed Western region. Here there are, in turn, two aspects: the short-run...