Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) and T cell Ig and mucin domain-3 protein (Tim-3) are immune check point receptors that are upregulated on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in tumor-bearing mice and humans. As anti-PD-1 single agent response rates are still relatively low (20%) in HNC patients, it is important to learn how different inhibitory check point receptors work together to maintain the sup...

BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by excessive production of extracellular matrix by fibroblasts on skin and internal organs. Although Th2 cells have been involved in fibroblast stimulation, hyperactivated B cells may also play an important role. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are cells capable of inhibiting inflammatory responses and controlling aut...

Polymorphisms in the T cell (or transmembrane) immunoglobulin and mucin ( ) gene, particularly in the mucin domain, have been associated domain 1 TIM-1 with atopy and allergic diseases in mice and human. Geneticand antibody-mediated studies revealed that Tim-1 functions as a positive regulator of Th2 responses, while certain antibodies to Tim-1 can exacerbate or reduce allergic lung inflammatio...

affected by the different per mutations in the same way François Rouyer1,2, Mohammed Rachidi3, that the circadian behavior is affected, indicating that PER Claudio Pikielny4 and Michael Rosbash influences the expression of its own gene through a HHMI and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, feedback loop mechanism (Hardin et al., 1990). This Waltham MA 02254, USA and 3Dépt de Biologie Mo...

Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is maintained as a stable episome in latently infected pleural effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. Episome maintenance is conferred by the binding of the KSHV-encoded LANA protein to the viral terminal repeats (TR). Here, we show that DNA replication in the KSHV TR is coupled with DNA recombination and mediated in part through the cellular replication f...

Increasing evidence shows that TIM-1 and TIM-3 in-fluence chronic autoimmune diseases, and their expression levels in immune cells from nephritic patients are still unknown. Real-time transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to deter-mine expression levels of TIM-1 and TIM-3 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 36 patients with minimal change glo-merulopathy ...

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a distinct subtype of extranodal lymphoma with aggressive clinical course and poor outcome. As increased IL-10/IL-6 ratio is recognized in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PCNSL patients, we hypothesized that PCNSL might originate from a population of B cells with high IL-10-producing capacity, an equivalent of "regulatory B cells" in mice. We ...

The immune receptor Tim-3 is often highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells where it acts as a growth factor and inflammatory receptor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Tim-3 forms an autocrine loop with its natural ligand galectin-9 in human AML cells. However, the pathophysiological functions of Tim-3 in human AML cells remain unclear. Here, we report for the first ...

Human being living in constant contact with microbes and pathogen and in the process has developed a recognition pattern of pathogenic structure in the immune cells. The gut lumen has high density of microbes thus the immune response is slightly tolerable to certain microbes, known as commensal flora. These microbes along with other innocuous agents do not cause any inflammation response normal...

Immune checkpoint proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) expression and their gene polymorphisms have separately been shown to be associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study simultaneously examined PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in liver tissues and PD1 and TIM3 polymorphi...