Life history theory postulates a trade-off between development and maintenance. This trade-off is observed when comparing life histories of different animal species. In humans, however, it is debated if variation in longevity is explained by differences in developmental traits. Observational studies found a trade-off between early and high fecundity and longevity in women. Development encompass...

Parent-offspring conflict predicts that offspring should demand a greater parental investment than is optimal for their parents to deliver. This would escalate the level of offspring demand ad infinitum, but most of the models on the evolution of parent-offspring communication predict that begging must be costly, such costs limiting the escalation and defining an optimal level of begging. Howev...

If cost reductions produce a cost-quality trade-off, healthcare policy makers need to be more circumspect about the use of cost-effective initiatives. Additional empirical evidence about the relationship between cost and quality is needed to design a value-based payment system. We examined the association between cost and quality performances for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) care at the ho...

BACKGROUND The decrease in utility attributed to taking pills for cardiovascular prevention can have major effects on the cost-effectiveness of interventions but has not been well studied. We sought to measure the utility of daily pill-taking for cardiovascular prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-sectional Internet-based survey of 1000 US residents aged ≥30 in March 2014. We ...

Each of n processors has a value which should be transmitted to all other processors. This fundamental communication task is called gossiping. In a unit of time every processor can communicate with at most one other processor and during such a transmission each member of a communicating pair learns all values currently known to the other. Two important criteria of eeciency of a gossiping algori...

Mobility management plays a central role in providing ubiquitous communications services in future wireless mobile networks. In mobility management, there are two key operations, location update and paging, commonly used in tracking mobile users on the move. Location update is to inform the network about a mobile user’s current location, while paging is used for the network to locate a mobile u...

This paper studies the optimal output-feedback control of a linear time-invariant system where a stochastic event-based scheduler triggers the communication between the sensor and the controller. The primary goal of the use of this type of scheduling strategy is to provide significant reductions in the usage of the sensor-to-controller communication and, in turn, improve energy expenditure in t...

Existing methods dealing with the time–cost trade-off problem, which is encountered in project planning, have focused on the solution of a basic problem that does not adequately represent actual engineering projects. The aim of this paper is to develop a solution method considering additional realistic project characteristics such as generalised activity precedence relations and external time c...

We use the HOS model of international trade to find a link between trading costs and pattern of trade, not just its effect on volume of trade. We prove that higher trading costs in labor-abundant countries will restrict volume of world trade by working against factor endowment bias and conversely for the capital-abundant nation. Asymmetric trading cost between goods may have paradoxical output ...

This paper presents an attempt at an early investigation or exploration of the trade-off between MIPS cost and memory cost. The cost model is an approximation based on knowledge of the application behavior and algorithm inner loop costs for the hardware architecture, which consists of a control processor and a SIMD processor. The application is an H.264 video decoder. Various memory configurati...