OBJECTIVE Factors and mechanisms that activate macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques are incompletely understood. We examined the capacity of heparanase to activate macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Highly purified heparanase was added to mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-like J774 cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interlukin-1, and monocy...

AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-13-1-0277 TITLE: A Novel Approach for Effectively Treating SCI Pain, Improving Opioid Efficacy, and Preventing Opioid-Induced Constipation: Key Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Linda Watkins CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION: Regents of the University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303 REPORT DATE: October 2014 TYPE OF REPORT: Annual PREPARED FOR: U.S. Army...