2009 This document contains the first part of the M2R course RAPA: Automated Reasoning: Principle and Applications. It presents the basis of first-order logic and automated deduction: syntax, semantics, transformation into clausal form, unification and the Resolution calculus (with selection functions and atom ordering). Some basic properties of the Resolution calculus are also investigated (w....

Planning policies in several European countries have aimed at hindering the expansion of out-of-town shopping centers. One argument for this is concern for the increase in transport and a resulting increase in environmental externalities such as CO2-emissions. This concern is weakly founded in science as few studies have attempted to measure CO2-emissions of shopping trips as a function of the ...

Dholavira’s elaborate town-planning rests on the conscious use of specific proportions for its successive enclosures. Those proportions combined with the city’s dimensions allow us to calculate precisely the unit of length used for the fortifications, to relate it to the Lothal ivory scale, and to work out potential subunits. Both proportions and units receive overwhelming confirmation from str...