During recent decades there has been substantial momentum for trade liberalization. At the same time, multinational production has become increasingly important in international competition. In this paper we show that these phenomena may be linked through environmental policy. When the national governments cannot use direct trade policy measures, environmental policy is distorted towards enhanc...

Economists have long been concerned with educational policies, but, in this decade of educational reform proposals, economists have not made much effort to translate research into direct policy implications. This is particularly true with respect to federal government policies. This paper provides an overview of current federal involvement in education and considers what, if anything, research ...

The current political climate in the United States has mobilized scientists to become more cognizant of the need to advocate for sustainable science funding from the federal government and for acceptance of evidence-based policy making that relies on the best available scientific data. Many scientists, however, do not learn about science policy or how to advocate in Washington, D.C., or at the ...

Though fiscal policies of central governments sometimes provide modest insurance against regional income shocks, this paper shows that pro-cyclical fiscal policy among provincial governments can easily overwhelm these stabilizing effects. We examine the cyclicality of budget items among provincial governments in eight federations, showing that own-source taxes are highly pro-cyclical and contra...

Like many trends that influence public policy and administration, ‘e-government’ is a multifaceted and nebulous idea, easily applied to a range of different situations, across the entire gamut of government and society, and with differing intentions. There are wideranging claims made for e-government, considerable hopes pinned on it, and substantial commitments – financial and otherwise – made ...

57 National Tax Journal Vol. LIV, No. 1 Abstract This paper tests whether state and local fiscal policy depended on the number of seats in the legislature in the first half of the 20th century. We find that large legislatures spent more, as implied by the “Law of 1/n” from the fiscal commons/logrolling literature. The same relation appears in the latter half of the century, and therefore seems ...

BACKGROUND The scarcity of mental health professionals places specialist psychiatric care out of the reach of most people in low and middle income countries. There is growing interest in the effectiveness of task shifting as a strategy for targeting expanding health care demands in settings with shortages of qualified health personnel. Given this background, the aim of our study was to examine ...

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society. This relation will assay by the government, according to fair distribution of opportunities and facilities. After 20 century, there was always emphasis on the role of states as social justice's agents in society by formulating and implementing of policy. The main question is what is the place of social ju...

BACKGROUND Human resources (HR) are one of the most important components determining performance of public health system. The aim of this study was to assess adequacy of HR of local public health agencies to meet the needs emerging from health care reforms in Georgia. METHODS We used the Human Resources for Health Action Framework, which includes six components: HR management, policy, finance...