1. Tramadol analgesic causes respiratory depression that is mainly mediated by opioid receptors. However, Tramadol is a weak opioid receptor agonist, and its metabolites O-desmethyltramadol is only about 1/10 of morphine, and fentanyl is a strong opioid receptor agonist, its potency is about 100 times morphine. When the two together, to be a major contributor to opioid receptors is fentanyl. Pr...

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with end-column electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection method for the analysis of tramadol (TMD) has been investigated. ECL detection was working electrode biased at 1.2 V in a 20 mmol·L sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 8.0) containing 5 mmol·L Ru   3 bpy  (where bpy = 2,2’-bipyridyl). Linear correlation (r ≥ 0.997) between ECL intensity and drug conce...

The present study was designed to investigate the pro- or anticonvulsant effect of tramadol using maximal electroshock (MES) test. An attempt was also made to determine the possible opioid receptor mechanism involved. MES seizures were induced through transauricular electrodes (60 mA, 0.2s) and the seizure severity was assessed by the duration of tonic hindlimb extensor phase. Intraperitoneal (...

A square-wave voltammetric (SWV) method and a flow injection analysis system with amperometric detection were developed for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride. The SWV method enables the determination of tramadol over the concentration range of 15-75 microM with a detection limit of 2.2 microM. Tramadol could be determined in concentrations between 9 and 50 microM at a sampling rate of...

The purpose of this study was to find a safe and effective analgesic alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for patients undergoing dento-alveolar surgery who could not tolerate NSAIDs. We have compared on a double blind, randomized basis the efficacy of Tramadol hydrochloride with Diclofenac Sodium. Sixty patients undergoing third molar surgery were divided into two grou...

BACKGROUND Uncontrolled postoperative pain, characteristic to abdominal hysterectomy, results in multiple complications. One of the methods for controlling postoperative pain is preemptive analgesia. Gabapentin and tramadol are both used for this purpose. OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare the effects of tramadol and gabapentin, as premedication, in decreasing the pain after hysterectomy. ...

Editor—We investigated the effect of different concentrations of morphine and tramadol on the differentiation of human adult helper T cells in vitro. Twenty outpatients without any immune diseases were selected and their peripheral blood was collected. Whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were pretreated with different concentrations of morphine or tramadol for 48 h, while ...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to develop a simultaneous determination method for tramadol and its desmethylates in human plasma using isocratic liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and to validate it for pharmacokinetic evaluation in patients with cancer pain or non-cancer pain. METHODS The pretreatments for human plasma involved protein precipitation using acetonitrile and...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefit, in terms of pain relief, of the new oral fast-release orodispersible galvanic form of tramadol in women undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) with either a metal cannula or a balloon catheter. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial-design trial, conducted at a single academic centre, 128 women ...

BACKGROUND The aim was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of the dexketoprofen/tramadol 25 mg/75 mg fixed-dose combination vs dexketoprofen (25 mg) and tramadol (100 mg) in moderate-to-severe acute pain after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients experiencing pain of at least moderate intensity on the day after surgery...