It has been claimed that human translators rely on some sort of literal translation equivalences to produce translations and to check their validity. More effort would be required if translations are less literal. However, to our knowledge, there is no established metric to measure and quantify this claim. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by introducing a metric for measuring literality o...

To illustrate the problem, see Figure 1, where a short Chinese sentence was translated into English by ten different human translators. Each came up with a different translation. This is a very typical example. Given any sentence of non-trivial length, a group of ten translators will come up with ten different translations. In fact, if presented with the same sentence the next day, they will co...

Increasingly, large bilingual document collections are being made available online, especially in the legal domain. This type of Big Data is a valuable resource that specialized translators exploit to search for informative examples of how domain-specific expressions should be translated. However, general purpose search engines are not optimized to retrieve previous translations that are maxima...

Post-Editing of Machine Translation (MT) has become a reality in professional translation workflows. In order to optimize the management of projects that use post-editing and avoid underpayments and mistrust from professional translators, effective tools to assess the quality of Machine Translation (MT) systems need to be put in place. One field of study that could address this problem is Machi...

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare BA and MA students of Translation in terms of their abilities in IT skills, (b) to compare them in terms of their learning of IT related competences in the translator training programs, and (c) to compare their viewpoints about the importance of IT skills in their professional activities. The participants of this research were Iranian male and fema...

The binary translator is a software component of a computer system. It converts binary code of one ISA into binary code of another ISA. Recent trends show that binary translators have been used to save CPU power consumption and CPU die size, which makes binary translators a possible indispensable component of future computer systems. And such situation would give new opportunities to the securi...

Computer-aided translation (CAT) system is the most popular tool which helps human translators perform language translation efficiently. To further improve the efficiency, there is an increasing interest in applying the machine translation (MT) technology to upgrade CAT. Post-editing is a standard approach: human translators generate the translation by correcting MT outputs. In this paper, we p...

Active learning is a framework that makes it possible to efficiently train statistical models by selecting informative examples from a pool of unlabeled data. Previous work has found this framework effective for machine translation (MT), making it possible to train better translation models with less effort, particularly when annotators translate short phrases instead of full sentences. However...

In the beginning... The advent of text in electronic format posed a number of problems for translators. These problems were: 1. How to mange the differing encoding standards and their corresponding font support and availability. 2. How to present the text to translators without having to purchase additional copies of the original creation program. 3. How to translate the text while preserving t...

In this paper, we consider communication between agents that employ different vocabularies to represent information. In particular, we develop a communication mechanism in which translators between the vocabularies of agents are generated. Instead of being defined in advance, these translators are dynamically constructed during execution of the system, and are based both on the information that...