In this study, the two-level simulation (TLS) modeling strategy developed earlier for momentum mixing is assessed in turbulent flows with passive scalar and transport. Compared to conventional algebraic transport equation based subgrid-scale closures large-eddy (LES), where effects of unresolved small scales (SS) motion on large (LS) are modeled, TLS model, both explicitly evolved a coupled two...

Nanocomposite cation exchange membranes (CEMs) were prepared by adding various amounts of functionalized silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles to the sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES) polymeric matrix. The particles were synthesized first by the co-precipitation method (M0). Different surface modifications were then carried out on them by grafting three functional groups of mercaptopropyl, pro...

In arid and semi-arid environments, groundwater plays a significant role in the ecosystem. In the last decades, groundwater levels have decreased due to the increasing demand for water, weak irrigation management and soil damage. For the effective management of groundwater, it is important to model and predict fluctuations in groundwater levels. In this study, groundwater table in Kashan plain ...

Allocating and routing problems in the field of transportation engineering are generally solved using the objective function of minimizing transport cost. Transport risk is a main concern in hazardous material transportation, mainly dependent on the vision of decision makers (national and/or local authorities). In this research work, a trade-off approach has been proposed to determine the safes...