acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) is one of the most prevalent hematologic malignancies in children. although the cure rate of all has improved over the past decades, the most important reason for all treatment failure is multidrug resistance (mdr) phenomenon. the current study aims to explain the mechanisms involved in multidrug resistance of childhood all, and introduces atp-binding cassette...

BACKGROUND With almost 9 million new cases each year, tuberculosis remains one of the most feared diseases on the planet. Led by the STOP-TB Partnership and WHO, recent efforts to combat the disease have made considerable progress in a number of countries. However, the emergence of mutated strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to the major anti-tuberculosis drugs poses a dead...

1 Blasi F, Dara M, van der Werf MJ, et al. Supporting TB clinicians managing difficult cases: the ERS/WHO Consilium. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 491–494. 2 Blasi F, Barnes PJ, Gaga M, et al. Future directions for the ERS: Presidential plans. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 875–880. 3 World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2012. Geneva, WHO Press, 2012. Available from: www. who.int/tb/publicati...

Objective: Obesity is a factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity contributes a wide variety of metabolic changes such as insulin resistance. The insulin signal mechanism to intra-cells occurs in insulin resistance, primarily in adipose tissue cells, which can be appropriate targets for therapeutic approaches by recognizing the proteins in this pathway. The st...