Testosterone has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of male territorial behavior. For example, seasonal peaks in testosterone typically coincide with periods of intense competition between males for territories and mating partners. However, some species also express territorial behavior outside a breeding context when testosterone levels are low and, thus, the degree to which testo...

Several times a week, neuroscientists at the University of California, Berkeley, shuttle a furry brown bat named Cooper down the hall to visit a computer that offers sips of fresh smoothie in exchange for conversation. Once inside a customized sound chamber, Cooper lets out a high-pitched trill and cranes his neck eagerly toward a nozzle that dispenses his sweet treat. For the past year, Michae...

The unrehearsed performance of music, called ‘sight reading’ (SR), is a basic skill for all musicians. Despite the merits of expertise theory, there is no comprehensive model which can classify subjects into high and low performance groups. This study is the first that classifies subjects and is based on an extensive experiment measuring the total SR performance of 52 piano students. Classifica...

The present study is made with the purpose of assessing “The Effect Playing Instrument on Voice Training”. As first observation group, groups students have been chosen among ones who educated from Fine Arts High Schools or conservatories’ high school levels that will be able to play various instruments but did not get voice education. In contrary, second group has neither got instrumental educa...

For the latest career listings and advice www.naturejobs.com ENTREPRENEURSHIP How to get a start-up company started go.nature.com/2actuzb AERONAUTICS A schoolgirl space enthusiast grows up to rescue a spacecraft p.241 T he clamour in a Panamanian rainforest is deafening to human ears: bugs shriek, birds sing and bats screech throughout the humid night. To avoid attracting predators, male katydi...

3 Key words: advertisement call amplectant call androgen answer call cationic current dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM) estrogen receptor (ER) glottal motor neurons (GMNs) gonadotropin growling inter-click interval (ICI) laryngeal motor neurons (LMNs) laryngeal myosin (LM) larynx luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) myosin heavy chain isoforms (MYHC) potassium current rapping thyroxine ...

‘If I can’t feel, if I can’t move, if I can’t think, and I can’t care, then what conceivable point is there in living?’ (Kay Redfield Jamison, An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness) Mood is a person’s subjective emotional state. According to the DSM-IV the term mood disorder is used for a group of diagnoses where the primary symptom is a disturbance in mood, or in other words the exper...

Central patterns generators (CPGs) are neural circuits that drive rhythmic motor output without sensory feedback. Vertebrate CPGs are generally believed to operate in a top-down manner in which premotor interneurons activate motor neurons that in turn drive muscles. In contrast, the frog (Xenopus laevis) vocal CPG contains a functionally unexplored neuronal projection from the motor nucleus to ...

This paper defines a n e w approach and investigates a fundamen ta l problem in route planners. This capability is impor tan t f o r robotic vehicles( M a r t i a n Rovers , etc.) and f o r planning off-road mi l i tary maneuvers. T h e emphas is throughout this paper will be on the design and analysis and hierarchical implementa t ion of our route p lanner . This work was motivated by anticipa...

Catalan, a Romance language spoken primarily in the northeast of Spain, has two contrasting rhotics: a tap [ ] and a trill [r]. The two sounds contrast only between vowels with the distribution otherwise being predictable. The facts closely parallel the better known facts of Spanish, and the problems they raise are similar. In this paper I take a new look at Catalan rhotics, arguing that we can...