Despite the incidence for women older than 70 years being 33%, they are usually excluded from screening schedules and clinical trials. Furthermore, about 15% of breast cancers in older patients are of the triple-negative subtype (TNBC), which is known to be an aggressive histological subtype with very limited treatment options available, and associated with a very poor prognosis [1]. Indeed, th...

Based on immunohistochemical staining for the basal markers cytokeratin 5/6 (CK 5/6), cytokeratin 14 (CK 14) and P-cadherin, triple negative tumors (TNT) are divided into two groups: 1) basal-like (BL) positive for one or all three markers; and 2) non basal-like (NBL) negative for all three markers. Even though the different origin of the cells of these two types of tumors implies different bio...

Rouvier et al. [1] discovered interleukin 17 (IL-17) in 1993 and originally termed it CTLA-8 from their experiences on rodent hybridoma cDNA [1]. Later, other cytokines resembling it were discovered to form the IL-17 family, which comprises 6 members from its archetype IL-17 or IL-17A, to IL-17F. IL-17 is secreted mainly by T helper lymphocytes as a homodimer or a heterodimer, but secretion by ...

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks the three most commonly targeted receptors in human breast cancer--the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu--and it is associated with an aggressive natural history. More recently, TNBC has been further dissected into smaller, distinct subsets with unique molecular alterations and r...

Breast cancer is a complex disease and one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. In case of approximately 15% of all breast cancers, three markers i.e. estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptors-2 (HER2) are not express, and is commonly termed as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Particularly, TNBC is associa...

BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) do not represent a single disease subgroup and are often aggressive breast cancers with poor prognoses. Unlike estrogen/progesterone receptor and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) breast cancers, which are responsive to targeted treatments, there is no effective targeted therapy for TNBC, although approximately 50% of patients respo...

M ost of us learned in primary school that using a double negative is bad grammar. But a disease defined by three negatives, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), has somehow sneaked into the oncology lexicon. Now it has a fourth negative: It is not responsive to iniparib, the poly (ADP–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor that many hoped would improve survival among patients with this recalcitr...

The term triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) defines breast tumors that do not express estrogen receptors, progesterone receptor or epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 on immunohistochemical analysis. TNBC accounts for 12-17% of all types of breast cancer. Molecular profiling indicated that triple-negative breast cancer represents a heterogeneous subgroup of breast cancer. Triple-negative br...

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease comprised of several biologically distinct subtypes. However, treatment is currently mainly relying on chemotherapy as there are no targeted therapies specifically approved for TNBC. Despite initial responses to chemotherapy, resistance frequently and rapidly develops and metastatic TNBC has a poor prognosis. New targeted approache...

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) is estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative. TNBC is typically observed in young AA women and Hispanic women who carry a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. TNBC is characterized by a distinct molecular profile,...