The impact of very deep convection on the water budget and thermal structure of the tropical tropopause layer is still not well quantified, not least because of limitations imposed by the available observation techniques. Here, we present detailed analysis of the climatology of the cloud top brightness temperatures as indicators of deep convection during the Indian summer monsoon, and the varia...

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed naming system fundamental for the normal operation of the Internet. It provides a mapping between user-friendly domain names and IP addresses. Cyber criminals use the flexibility provided by the DNS to deploy certain techniques that allow them to hide the Command and Control (CnC) servers used to manage their botnets and frustrate the detection effo...

Abstract. Concentrations of water vapour entering the tropical lower stratosphere are primarily determined by conditions that air parcels encounter as they transported through tropopause layer (TTL). Here we quantify relative roles variations in TTL temperatures and transport determining seasonal interannual stratospheric vapour. Following previous studies, use trajectory calculations with conc...

During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board the high-altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the entire TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K. Here, analysis of transport...

BACKGROUND In the Balearic Islands, as in other areas of the Mediterranean basin, there is a significant proportion of asymptomatic Leishmania (L.) infantum-infected blood donors, who may represent an important threat to transfusion safety. The Balearic Islands blood bank, located in an area endemic for L. infantum, carried out a study of donors and patients to investigate the impact of this in...

Abstract. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal coverage cirrus clouds is vital in quantifying radiation budget Earth–atmosphere system. In this paper, we present diurnal and vertical distributions occurrence during different seasons as well interannual variation over Kattankulathur (12.82∘ N, 80.04∘ E) on west coast Bay Bengal. Long-term (2016–2018) continuous micropulse lidar (MPL) observations dem...

Existing discovery algorithms for peer to peer networks are based on broadcast of query messages over the relationship connectivity among entities in the network.A query message contains search key words, and it is broadcast with a TTL (time to live) value to limit the scope of search and to reduce high overhead associated with broadcast. Although the use of TTL reduces the amount of overhead, ...

This paper is the second in a set of two investigating tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling. TTL describes cross-coupling angular or translational jitter into an interferometric phase signal and important noise source precision interferometers, including space gravitational wave detectors like LISA. We discussed 10.1088/2040-8986/ac675e coupling effects originating from optical path length changes, i....

Single neurons (n = 76) were recorded in the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) of rats self-stimulating the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the level of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Responses evoked by rewarding trains of stimulus pulses fell into five categories. The first category (40% of the sample) was characterized by a single discharge at invariant latency in response to ind...