The practice of immunization dates back hundreds years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity bite and variolation (smearing a skin tear with cowpox smallpox) was practiced in 17th century China. Edward Jenner is considered the founder vaccinology West 1796, after he inoculated an 8 year-old-boy vaccinia virus (cowpox), demonstrated smallpox. In 1798, first smallpox vaccine develo...

The application of the death penalty for perpetrators riddah by fuqaha is a problematic violation human rights. This because there no good reason to show that punishment penalty. existence hadith which considered be legitimacy turns out very different from reality its in history Islamic criminal law. article aims answer academic anxiety about as result ijtihad well confirm construction historic...

abstractibn teymiyye, to declare his new subjects and controversial judicial decrees (fatwas), had to change the concept of some terms and define them in a way that using those concepts he could issue his desirable judicial decrees based on his ijtihad. the most important term whose meaning was changed by ibn teymiyye is: salaf (all the earl muslims). according to him the term salaf only includ...