The development of new biopharmaceuticals relies on robust scale-up from small-scale screening studies to industrial bioreactors. Novel SUB designs can prove highly beneficial, although they lack the extensive characterisation traditional STRs. Pall Corporation’s Allegro™ STR 50-2000 L bioreactor range has a unique design square cross-section, with three wedge-shaped baffles. A scale-down 1 pro...

We present a vector theory of Raman amplification and use it to discuss the effect of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on the Raman gain process inside the optical fiber used for stimulated Raman scattering. We show that the PMD induces large fluctuations in the amplified signal and reduces the average value of the amplifier gain. In the case of forward pumping, fluctuations are expected to b...

2014 In the dipole and rotating wave approximation the operator solutions for the level populations and photon numbers are found. The numerical results for the time-evolution of the level populations for the case of initially coherent pumping modes 1 and 3 (mode 2 initially in vacuum) are reported and compared with those for a three-level atom in the ladder and lambda configurations. J. Physiqu...

We provide a conclusive demonstration of vibrational pumping under Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) conditions by performing anti-Stokes/Stokes ratio measurements over a large spatial area and low power density, down to 10 K with dried silver colloids, the dye rhodamine 6G, and 676 nm laser excitation. The method we propose allows for the measurement of the cross sections for different ...

We demonstrate that in a 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation, for some parameters it is possible to form a stationary state in a tokamak where a saturated interchange mode in the center of the discharge drives a near helical flow pattern that acts to nonlinearly sustain the configuration by adjusting the central loop voltage through a dynamo action. This could explain the physical mecha...