in this paper, a  fuzzy numerical procedure for solving fuzzy linear volterra integro-differential equations of the second kind under strong  generalized differentiability is designed. unlike the existing numerical methods, we do not replace the original fuzzy equation by a $2times 2$ system ofcrisp equations, that is the main difference between our method  and other numerical methods.error ana...

Software patenting continues to be ambiguous in respect of patentable subject matter, scope of protection and patent procuration. Conflicting judicial precedents and varying practices across patent offices have only compounded applicants’ problems. However, this hasn’t stopped the software industry’s remarkable growth. While highlighting these, the present article gives an overview of current d...

class members in the prior state court case. Plaintiffs’ amended complaint withdrew one Plaintiff, but added two, Jack and Joyce Franklin. If the Franklins lived on, leased, or owned their current Concord Community properties between January 1, 1990 and December 22, 2002, they too were class members unless they opted out. The Franklins' status in the class action, however, is ultimately irrelev...

In this paper, which was prepared to help set the stage at an interdisciplinary conference held at the University of Indiana (Bloomington) in March, I first briefly review what I take to be the key events and developments in the history of the study of judicial behavior in legal scholarship, with attention to corresponding developments in political science. I identify obstacles to cooperation i...

Background: Advocacy is one of the most important institutions that can play a constructive role in the process of achieving justice. The presence of a lawyer in judicial trials will greatly facilitate the discovery of the truth and the prevention of encroachments and violations of citizens' rights. The necessity and importance of the right of defense have made it possible for advanced legal an...

Increasing scholarly attention is being paid to women and judging. The literature now covers a wide field, only some of which can be referred to here: analysis of judicial appointments; the structure, practices and culture of the legal profession (Schultz and Shaw 2003; Resnik 1996); judicial decisions (including both the decisions themselves and their impact, or not, on women, see, e.g. Schnei...

How do judicial elections affect the propensity of judges to write opinions that are understandable to the public? Drawing on a growing literature that analyzes the content of judicial opinions computationally, I examine the readability of all state supreme court search and seizure decisions from 2000-2010. I assess the hypothesis that, just as judicial elections increase judges’ propensities t...

INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 183 I. THE SPECTRUM REFORM IDEA HAS ITS TIME COME? ..... 188 II. THE CURRENT AGENDA FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORM .................................................................................... 193 III. MAXIMIZING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY ............................. 197 A. The Beginning of a Refo...