This paper looks into the communications capabilities that are required by distributed multimedia applications to achieve relation preserving information exchange. These capabilities are derived by analyzing the notion of 'information exchange' and are embodied in communications functionalities. To emphasize the importance of the users' view, a top-down approach is applied. The (revised) OSI Ap...

Since at least 1930, theorists working in moral philosophy and normativity more generally have recognized the importance of accounting for trade-offs in normative theories of what we ought to do.1 The most common way to do this is to appeal to contributory or pro tanto reasons. The thought is that the reasons for and against the options open to the agent interact and compete—in highly complex w...

This study aims finding the significance of value-creating networking, for actors organizing themselves to take social responsibility, by examining three empirical cases. The study takes on the networkproblematic by investigating: (1) how the organizing actors network, (2) for whom they organize their activities, (3) when they generate value by networking, and (4) what the results of their netw...

Systems that automatically discover semantic classes have emerged in part to address the limitations of broad-coverage lexical resources such as WordNet and Cyc. The current state of the art discovers many semantic classes but fails to label their concepts. We propose an algorithm labeling semantic classes and for leveraging them to extract is-a relationships using a top-down approach.

Simulations of optical image of a shower are implemented into a procedure of shower energy determination. This ”top-down” approach starts with shower development and fluorescence light production in the air, to obtain the expected detector response. In this paper, distributions of energy deposited by a shower in the air through ionization, as obtained from CORSIKA, are used to derive the flux o...

Federal, state, and local governments spend substantial resources on training child welfare staff.Moreover, enhanced training is often proposed as a core solution to many problems facing public child welfare and other human service agencies. In this paper we conceptualize training as an element of the policy implementation process. We use data from a multiple case study evaluation of nine feder...

Cross-border acquisitions often imply post-merger integration problems and cultural clashes. Despite the general acceptance of this concern, the literature is more interested in the wealth effect for the shareholders than in understanding the ways to improve postmerger performance. In this paper a model of post-merger integration is proposed and applied to a sample of cross-border acquisitions ...

A seminal study conducted by Greene, Bolick, and Robertson (2010) showed that learners do not always engage in appropriate metacognitive and self-regulatory processes while learning about history. However, little research exists to guide the design of technology-rich learning environments (TRLEs) as metacognitive tools in social sciences education. In order to address this issue, we designed a ...

A major challenge facing freshwater ecologists and managers is the development of models that link stream ecological condition to catchmentscale effects, such as land use. Previous attempts to make such models have followed two general approaches. The bottom-up approach employs mechanistic models, which can quickly become too complex to be useful. The top-down approach employs empirical models ...

We discuss our results on scalar glueball decay in the top-down holographic Witten-SakaiSugimoto model for low-energy QCD and compare with available experimental data, which appear to disfavor the glueball candidate f0(1500) but seem to be perfectly consistent with interpreting f0(1710) as a nearly unmixed glueball. The holographic model moreover makes definite predictions for future experiments.