The sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecasts to various modifications of the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convective parameterization scheme (CPS) is examined for twenty selected cases characterized by intense convective activity and widespread precipitation over Greece, during the warm period of 2005–2007. The study is conducted using the MM5 model with a two nested domains strategy, with hori...

The recent deployment of the ARM Mobile Facility at the Graciosa Island, Azores in the context of the Clouds, Aerosol and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (CAPMBL) field campaign added the most extensive and comprehensive dataset of MBL clouds to date (April 2009–December 2010). Cloud occurrence is high (60–80%) with a summertime minimum. Liquid precipitation, diagnosed as the detecti...

Several experimental datasets available on the gasification of different lignocellulosic feedstocks were used to correlate flow gasifying agents with performance updraft in an autothermic 200 kWth pilot plant. The included eucalyptus wood chips, torrefied and spruce lignin rich residues from biorefined straw reed, shells almond hazelnut, which gasified flows air, air steam, oxygen, oxygen steam...

A 3D mesoscale model is used to study the structure and intensity of stratospheric gravity waves generated by tropical convection. Two prototypical cases are examined: a squall line observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) over the Pacific warm pool and a West African squall line observed during the Convection Profonde Tropic...

Data from the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project I (IP1) network of polarimetric X-band radars are used to observe a convective storm. A fuzzy logic hydrometeor identification algorithm is employed to study microphysical processes. Dual-Doppler techniques are used to analyze the 3D wind field. The scanning strategy, sensitivity, and low-level scanning foc...

Responses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined through diagnostics of large-eddy simulations (LESs) of the undisturbed Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) case and a stochastic parcel model. The perturbations are added instantaneously and allowed to evolve freely afterward. The parcel model reproduces most of the changes in th...

Doppler radar, airborne, and sounding data are used to describe the structure of an exceptionally vigorous narrow cold-frontal rainband (NCFR). A combined thermodynamic and cloud microphysical retrieval technique is used to derive the pressure perturbations and buoyancy in balance with the flow field in the vicinity of the NCFR. The NCFR was triggered by a well-defined cold front that penetrate...

BACKGROUND Arformoterol, the (R,R) isomer of formoterol, is approved as an inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multiple nebulizer systems are commercially available. Different nebulizers can differ significantly in drug output, which may impact drug delivery and clinical efficacy. This study compared the aerosol pr...