The literature on the economics of airline codesharing has suggested that codeshare agreements serve to eliminate double marginalization that exists when unaffiliated airlines independently determine the price for different segments of an interline trip. Using a structural econometric model, this paper investigates whether codeshare contracts do eliminate double marginalization. The results sug...

The isolated effects of a single insecticide can be difficult to assess in natural settings because of the presence of numerous pollutants in many watersheds. Imidacloprid use for suppressing hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests offers a rare opportunity to assess potential impacts on aquatic macroinvertebrates in relatively pristine landscapes. Aqu...

An upstream manufacturer can use minimum resale price maintenance (RPM) to exclude potential competitors. RPM lets the incumbent manufacturer transfer profits to retailers. If entry is accommodated by retailers, upstream competition leads to fierce downstream competition and the breakdown of RPM. Thus, via RPM, retailers internalize the effect of accommodating entry on the incumbent’s profits. ...

We analyze the incentives of a vertically-integrated producer (VIP) to engage in “self-sabotage”. Self-sabotage occurs when a VIP intentionally increases its upstream costs and/or reduces the quality of its upstream product. We identify conditions under which self-sabotage is profitable for the VIP even though it raises symmetrically the cost of the upstream product to all downstream producers ...

A partial equilibrium model is developed to investigate the interplay of production technology and the difference of market structure between upstream and downstream markets on firms’ outsourcing choice. It is found that whether outsourcing or vertical integration emerges as the optimal organizational structure depends not only on the cost structure of competing upstream firms, but also on the ...

A number of agents (e.g., firms, villages, municipalities, or countries) are connected to a river network. Some agents are located upstream and some downstream. Upstream agents pollute the river network. To clean up the polluted river network, costs are incurred, and they are shared among the agents. In allocating these costs, the upstream-downstream relationship between agents has to be taken ...

The Kishon River, the second largest coastal river in Israel, has been severely polluted for several decades. Sediments from upstream and downstream sites of the river were analyzed, lipid-extracted and evaluated for phenanthrene uptake. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in downstream sediments was 299 microg kg(-1), consisting mostly of petrogenic-derived PAHs. Downstre...

one of the consequences of poor management and operation of irrigation systems, poor water delivery and distribution channels and divisions and consequently improper distribution of water level downstream. the study of simulation and performance evaluation software using hydrodynamic sobek varamin irrigation is done. in order to evaluate the network performance and compare the results of simula...

The phage SP6 RNA and T7 RNA polymerases, which are closely related to each other, intrinsically stop at two signals in the Escherichia coli rrnB terminator t1 through different mechanisms. The downstream signal functioned without an RNA secondary structure formation, in which the signal was still active when separated from the upstream, hairpin-forming signal, and IMP incorporation enhanced it...

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the main issues in trans-boundary river basins are scarcity of water and externalities from upstream to downstream. For instance, excessive water consumption of upstream countries might deprive the right of water consumption for downstream countries. Another prominent issue is that upstream countries could pollute the trans-boundary river carelessly without taking int...