The scalar particle even imposes a constraint on the likelihood of its prejacent and the alternatives on which it operates. This semantic import of even restricts its distribution: even that associates with a weak predicate in its immediate surface scope – weak even, for short – is acceptable only if it is appropriately embedded (cf. Lahiri 1998). This paper investigates the occurrence of weak ...

A mixed plane graph is a plane graph whose edge set is partitioned into a set of directed edges and a set of undirected edges. An orientation of a mixed plane graph G is an assignment of directions to the undirected edges of G resulting in a directed plane graph G. In this paper, we study the computational complexity of testing whether a given mixed plane graph G is upward planar, i.e., whether...

The hovering flight of hummingbirds is one of the most energetically demanding forms of animal locomotion and is influenced by both atmospheric oxygen availability and air density. Montane Neotropical hummingbirds are expected to shift altitudinally upwards in response to climate change to track their ancestral climatic regime, which is predicted to influence their flight performance. In this s...