Intradermal (i.d.) immunization is a promising route of vaccine administration. Suitable i.d. adjuvants are important to increase vaccine efficacy in poorly responding populations such as the elderly or for dose-sparing strategies in the face of vaccine shortages. Bacterial exotoxins, such as Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), exert strong immunostimulatory effects through binding t...

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is an emerging threat as a means of bioterrorism. Accordingly, the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has specified Y. pestis as a prime candidate for use in bioterrorism. As the threat of bioterrorism increases, so does the need for an effective vaccine against this potential agent. Ex...

Advances in molecular biology and immunology have renewed interest in the development of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of cancer. Research over the past 10 years has focused on the identification of suitable tumour antigens to use as targets for a variety of vaccine strategies. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was one of the first tumour antigens described, and is commonly expressed by...

OBJECTIVES Biological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the cornerstones of current treatment strategies for the disease. Surprisingly little information exists on whether the route of administration affects patients' treatment satisfaction. It is equally unclear whether rheumatologists are able to accurately perceive their patients' appreciation. Thus, the Belgian Be-raise surve...

DNA vaccination against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is an attractive and alternative strategy to the use of classical inactivated viral vaccines. The injection of a pcDNA3.1-based DNA vaccine encoding for FMDV P1-2A3C3D and GM-CSF proteins had previously been shown to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against FMDV and partially protect swine against an experimental challe...

BACKGROUND Vibrio cholerae is the cause of cholera, a severe watery diarrhea. Protection against cholera is serogroup specific. Serogroup specificity is defined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODOLOGY Here we describe a conjugate vaccine for cholera prepared via squaric acid chemistry from the OSP of V. cholerae O1 Inaba strain PIC018 and a re...

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect vitamin C on immune system in cattle immunized against blackleg. employed 28 different breeds and genders, aged 15-20 months, bred Ardahan region. were broken down into four groups, seven each group. first group (control group) 2 ml saline, second (vitamin 5 mg/kg c, third (vaccination blackleg vaccine, fourth (vaccine-vitamin Blackleg vaccin...

Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are unique multimolecular structures formed by encapsulating antigens, lipids and triterpene saponins and are one of the most successful antigen delivery systems for microbial antigens. In the current study, both the route of administration and the antigen concentration of ISCOMs, containing Eimeria tenella antigens and saponins from native plants, were eval...

1. SYNOPSIS OF HISTORY I HAVE been asked to speak to you this evening on the subject of B C G vaccination against tuberculosis. For the benefit of those of you who are not familiar with the story, I thought I would give a brief outline of the history of the development of the vaccine. 'T'he vaccine is named after Calmette and Gu-erin, the two pioneer workers in this field of medical research. I...