This article presents several results establishing connections between Markov chains and dynamical systems, from the point of view of open systems in physics. We show how all Markov chains can be understood as the information on one component that we get from a dynamical system on a product system, when losing information on the other component. We show that passing from the deterministic dynam...

performance evaluation of electricity distribution units is an important issue between researchers and regulators. classic data envelopment analysis models with deterministic data have been used by many authors to measure efficiency of power distribution units in different countries. however, data envelopment analysis with stochastic data are rarely used to measure efficiency of distribution co...

In the present study, a new chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) is constructed for rapid, accurate, simple, highly sensitive, and selective determination of Mo (VI) using differential pulse voltammetry. The electrode was prepared using magnetic nickel zinc ferrite nanocomposite (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4), as the modifier in CPE (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/CPE). Mo (VI) was determined after preconcentr...

background: the presence of heavy metals in the environment especially in water supplies have caused many concerns because of their toxicity and non-degradability. hexavalent chromium (cr) is one of the most toxic metals which is used in many industries, so it is essential to remove it from industrial wastewater. in this study, we made a comparison between different adsorption isotherms in the ...

The Vi antigen is a major immunogenic component of Salmonella typhosa and has been prepared from three generically different bacterial species, Escherichia coli, Paracolobactrum ballerup, and X. typhosa (2). A comparison of certain chemical and physical properties of the purified antigens was made, and the values were similar except for significant differences in viscosity. The Vi antigens were...

Maintenance is a source of large costs; in the EU the maintenance costs amount to between 4% and 8% of the total sales turnover. Opportunistic maintenance is an attempt to lower the maintenance cost by considering the failure of one component as an opportunity to replace yet non-failed components in order to prevent future failures. At the time of failure of one component, a decision is to be m...

A column study on U(VI)-contaminated vadose zone sediments from the Hanford Site, WA, was performed to investigate U(VI) release kinetics with water advection and variable geochemical conditions. The sediments were collected from an area adjacent to and below tank BX-102 that was contaminated as a result of a radioactive tank waste overfill event. The primary reservoir for U(VI) in the sediment...

in this current study a generalized super-efficiency model is first proposed for ranking extreme efficient decision making units (dmus) in stochastic data envelopment analysis (dea) and then, a deterministic (crisp) equivalent form of the stochastic generalized super-efficiency model is presented. it is shown that this deterministic model can be converted to a quadratic programming model. so fa...

The snapshot object is an important tool for constructing wait-free asynchronous algorithms. We relate the snapshot object to the lattice agreement decision problem. It is shown that any algorithm for solving lattice agreement can be transformed into an implementation of a snapshot object. The overhead cost of this transformation is only a linear number of operations on atomic single-writer mul...