BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute viral hepatitis. Majority of the documented studies on hepatitis E have been focused on the incidence of this disease in northern and south central India. Limited data are available on HEV infection among acute sporadic hepatitis cases in north western India. The present study was undertaken to investigate the contribution of hepatiti...

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection could combine potent antiviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines to overcome immunological tolerance and induce the recovery phenotype to protect against disease progression. Conventional vaccination of woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) elicited differential T-cell response profiles depending on whether o...

Worldwide annually there are 1.7 million deaths from diarrheal diseases and 1.5 million deaths from respiratory infections (56). Viruses cause an estimated 60% of human infections, and most common illnesses are produced by respiratory and enteric viruses (7, 49). Unlike bacterial disease, viral illness cannot be resolved with the use of antibiotics. Prevention and management of viral disease he...

In 1995, highly effective inactivated hepatitis A vaccines were first licensed in the United States for preexposure prophylaxis against hepatitis A virus (HAV) among persons aged > or =2 years. In 2005, vaccine manufacturers received Food and Drug Administration approval for use of the vaccines in children aged 12-23 months.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped RNA (7.5 kb) virus that is responsible for large epidemics of acute hepatitis and a proportion of sporadic hepatitis cases in southeast and central Asia, the Middle East, parts of Africa and Mexico. Hepatitis E virus infection spreads by the faecal-oral route (usually through contaminated water) and presents after an incubation period of 8-10 weeks wit...

Aim: Main objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines commonly available in the Pakistan’s market. For this purpose we compared immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in apparently healthy young female volunteers in Karach

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two conventional H9N2 avian influenza (AI) vaccines on replication and shedding of the H9N2 AI virus in broiler chickens. These inactivated oil emulsion vaccines contain either a UAE or an Iranian H9N2 AI isolate. One hundred and fifty one-day-old commercial broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups. The birds, except for the...

As more and more infectious agents become targets for immunization programmes, the spectrum of adverse events linked to vaccines has been widening. Although some of these links are tenuous, relatively little is known about the immunopathogenesis of even the best characterized vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs). The range of possible use of active immunization is rapidly expanding to incl...

background previous studies using cell culture systems for the replication of hepatitis c virus have opened new research dimensions, and paved the ways for further and detailed studies of the virus in vitro. objectives the purpose of the present study was to cultivate hepatitis c virus in a cell culture system and evaluate viral amplification. materials and methods in order to propagate hepatit...