UNLABELLED Replication of (+)RNA viruses depends on several co-opted host proteins but is also under the control of cell-intrinsic restriction factors (CIRFs). By using tombusviruses, small model viruses of plants, we dissect the mechanism of inhibition of viral replication by cellular WW-domain-containing proteins, which act as CIRFs. By using fusion proteins between the WW domain and the p33 ...

Viruses have to encapsidate their own genomes during the assembly process. For most RNA viruses, there are sequences within the viral RNA and virion proteins needed for high efficiency of genome encapsidation. However, the roles of host proteins in this process are not understood. Here we find that the cellular DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX6 is required for efficient genome packaging of foamy virus...

Over the past decade, a family of host proteins known as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) have emerged as frequent targets of viral exploitation. Under physiologic circumstances, SOCS proteins negatively regulate inflammatory signaling pathways by facilitating ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of pathway machinery. Their expression is tightly regulated to prevent excessive infl...

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) particle morphogenesis in infected cells is an orchestrated process that eventually results in the release of enveloped virions. Proteomic analysis has been employed to reveal the complexity in the protein composition of these extracellular particles. Only limited information is however available regarding the proteome of infected cells preceding the release of HCMV...

HIV has posed a significant challenge due to the ability of the virus to both impair and evade the host's immune system. One of the most important mechanisms it has employed to do so is the modulation of the host's native apoptotic pathways and mechanisms. Viral proteins alter normal apoptotic signaling resulting in increased viral load and the formation of viral reservoirs which ultimately inc...

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) belongs to a family of calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze transamidation reaction, producing polymerized, polyaminated or deamidated proteins. Recently, a growing number of viral proteins as well as cellular proteins with which they interact have been found to be modified by TG2, suggesting a novel function for TG2 in viral pathogenesis. This review summarizes the ...

An infectious virus isolated from the cultured Drosophila melanogster cell line, Schneider 2-L, appears to be a member of a new group of animal viruses. The virus, HPS-1 has a genome composed of a single segment of double-stranded RNA approximately 6 kb in length. Virions are particles approximately 36 nm in diameter. They contain only two proteins and no lipid coat. The major protein, presumab...