Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) encode various immunoevasins, including viral receptors for the Fc domain of host IgG (vFc?R), to evade immune responses. Although guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) provides a useful animal model congenital infection, GPCMV genes encoding such have not yet been characterized. In this study, we analyzed locus that may gene products evasion mechanisms and identified following. (a) R...

Quasars represent a brief phase in the life-cycle of most massive galaxies, but the evolutionary connection between central black holes and their host galaxies remains unclear. While quasars are active and shining brighter than the Compton-limit luminosity, their radiation heats the surrounding medium to the Compton temperature, forming Compton spheres extending to the Strömgren radius of Fe26+...

We isolated a replication-thermosensitive mutant of the broad-host-range replicon pWV01. The mutant pVE6002 is fully thermosensitive above 35 degrees C in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Four clustered mutations were identified in the gene encoding the replication protein of pVE6002. The thermosensitive derivative of the related plasmid pE194 carries a mutation in the analogous r...

The leucine auxotroph Escherichia coli 2961 exhibited stringent control of net ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis during amino acid starvation. After leucine was exhausted from the medium, the rate of uracil incorporation into RNA rapidly decreased to 2 to 4% of the prestarvation value. Infection of the starved cells with T2 phage stimulated uracil incorporation to a level equivalent to that of u...

Virus production still is a challenging issue in antigen manufacture, particularly with slow-growing viruses. Deep-sequencing of genomic regions indicative of efficient replication may be used to identify high-fitness minority individuals suppressed by the ensemble of mutants in a virus quasispecies. Molecular breeding of quasispecies containing colonizer individuals, under regimes allowing mor...

Poly (A) polymerase activity has been measured in crude cytoplasmic extracts of mouse L cells infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. After infection there is first a decrease in enzyme activity followed by an increase which itself precedes detectable virus RNA and protein synthesis. The activity of the enzyme then declines before the release of mature virions and cell death take place....

We have partially purified and characterized two separate DNA polymerase activities associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus). One activity is present in EB virus producer cell lines but not in nonproducer or negative cell lines. It adheres more strongly to DEAE-cellulose than any host cell enzymes, eluting at 210 to 270 mM potassium phosphate buffer. Further elution from phosphocellulose a...

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus that has caused widespread disease in cattle, sheep and goats in Europe. Like other orthobunyaviruses, SBV is characterized by a tripartite negative-sense RNA genome that encodes four structural and two non-structural proteins. This study showed that SBV has a wide in vitro host range, and that BHK-21 cells are a convenient host for b...

UNLABELLED The interferon (IFN) response is the earliest host immune response dedicated to combating viral infection. As such, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert this potent antiviral response. Two closely related gammaherpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV), are unique in that they express viral homologues to cellular interfer...

In this paper, we extend a standard nested logit model, developing an empirically applicable dynamic structural model of consumers’ choices and producers’ pricing in an oligopolistic market for newly introduced durable products with network externalities. The model is then applied to quantitatively analyze the extent to which network externalities contributed to the de facto standardization of ...