While hotspot tracks beneath thin oceanic lithosphere are visible as volcanic island chains, the plume-lithosphere interaction for thick continental or cratonic often remains hidden due to lack of volcanism. To identify plume with missing volcanism, we characterize amplitude and timing surface heat flux anomalies following a using mantle convection models. Our numerical results confirm an analy...

The 1963–1967 shallow-to-emergent eruption in Iceland’s Vestmannaeyjar earned a place the history of volcanology by creating island Surtsey while under close observation volcanologist Sigurdur Thorarinsson (Sigurður Þórarinsson Icelandic). This is an example what now called Surtseyan volcanism, and it included explosive effusive phases from multiple vents that formed itself, as well one fully s...