Seawater is a complex electrolyte solution of water and salts with sodium chloride as the major constituent. However, the thermodynamic properties of seawater are considerably different from those of aqueous sodium chloride solution. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater by sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or sali...

Bromide and chloride are chemically related halide elements that the kidney works with to keep overall body content balanced. Also is a element known cause many neurotoxic other organs toxicity such as GIT tract , respiratory liver. Therefore, we aimed in present study on effect of bromide at daily intake doses investigate possible modulate its mechanism by measuring oxidant antioxidant impact ...

Molar sodium lactate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, glucose insulin, and calcium chloride were used in the treatment of induced hyperkalemia in nephrectomized dogs. The effect of these agents on the electrocardiogram and on potassium partition was studied. Molar sodium lactate appeared to be the agent of choice in the treatment of the hyperkalemic state under these experimental conditions.

Carassius auratus placed in a dilute sodium chloride solution (400 gM) is able to absorb sodium and chloride ions at very different rates, or to absorb one ion and to lose the other. This is the case not only for fish which have been previously kept in choline chloride or sodium sulfate solutions or deionized water, in order to stimulate their absorption processes, but also in control fish whic...

A simple model of cystic fibrosis (CF) is proposed, based on the apical membrane (ApM) potential. The ApM of epithelial cells is highly permeable to sodium and activation of CFTRs makes it permeable to chloride. Calculated ApM potentials of cells with activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTRs) are between the sodium and chloride Nernst values and thus allow rapid abs...

The chemical potentials of each solute in an aqueous mixture of two electrolytes have been determined for many systems. For example, the activity coefficients of both hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride in mixed aqueous solution have been derived from emf measurements [I]. The isopiestic vapor pressure method has been used [2] to determine the activity coefficients of each solute in aqueous m...