The Netherlands is one of the few countries where chlorine is not used at all, neither for primary disinfection nor to maintain a residual disinfectant in the distribution network. The Dutch approach that allows production and distribution of drinking water without the use of chlorine while not compromising microbial safety at the tap, can be summarized as follows: 1. Use the best source availa...

a novel approach to determine optimal sampling locations under parameter uncertainty in a water distribution system (wds) for the purpose of its hydraulic model calibration is presented. the problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem under calibration parameter uncertainty. the objectives are to maximise the calibrated model accuracy and to minimise the number of sampling d...

The Pastormaster method consists of heating the water of hospital distribution systems at a specific point to a sufficient temperature for a minimum amount of time to eradicate legionella. The object of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pastormaster method for legionella disinfection in a hospital environment. A two-phase procedure was performed: hydraulic optimization of the ...

In the event that a bacteriological or chemical toxin is introduced to a water distribution network, a large population of consumers may become exposed to the contaminant. A contamination event may be poorly predictable dynamic process due to the interactions of consumers and utility managers during an event. Consumers that become aware of a threat may select protective actions that change thei...

range management needs information on distribution of livestock. the better the distribution of the livestock, the more uniform the use of the rangeland. this study was conducted to record the path of the herd steering by the shepherd. a gps was attached to a three year old ewe which was moving with the flock. the path of flock movement was recorded for three years on a monthly basis during the...

in the face of limited water resources, better utilization and operation of irrigation networks is essential. use of control systems is considered as one of the most assured ways to achieve the aim. in the course of the present study, two centralized controllers are applied to the west canal of aghili irrigation district in i. r. iran. the proposed control algorithms consist of a distant downst...