Recent studies have focused attention on the process of sugar entry into the muscle cell as a possible point of regulatory control of carbohydrat,e metabolism. In previous reports the penetration of a variet,y of nonmetabolizable sugars into mammalian muscle has been characterized and the responsiveness of these sugars to insulin and muscle work has been confirmed (1, 2). However, the fact that...

Success in endodontics depends largely on the activity of the irrigation solutions used during canal cleaning and shaping. Sometimes the irrigation solutions should act deep within the dentin, particularly in cases of chronic infectious lesions, in which it has been found that germs can lodge in the depths of the dentinal tubules. The aim of this study was to compare the penetration of methylen...

This work examines the inter-relationship between the unbound drug fractions in blood and brain homogenate, passive membrane permeability, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux ratio, and log octanol/water partition coefficients (cLogP) in determining the extent of central nervous system (CNS) penetration observed in vivo. The present results demonstrate that compounds often considered to be Pgp substrat...

Human serum albumin (HSA) is an abundant plasma protein that transports fatty acids and also binds a wide variety of hydrophobic pharmacores. Echo-detected (ED) EPR spectra and D(2)O-electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) Fourier-transform spectra of spin-labelled free fatty acids and phospholipids were used jointly to investigate the binding of stearic acid to HSA and the adsorption of...

The theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of electroporation is crucial for planning and optimization of protocols for drug and/or gene delivery. In the last four decades, a number of tentative theoretical descriptions of this phenomenon have been proposed, assuming either deformation of membrane lipids,1–3 their phase transition,4 breakdown of interfaces between the lipid domains,5 or de...

Incorporating superabsorbent polymer (SAP), which has the abilities of absorption and desorption in concrete can achieve the effect of internal curing. The influences of the volume, particle size and ways of entrained water of SAP on the workability, compressive strength, shrinkage, carbonation resistance and chloride penetration resistance of concrete were analyzed through the macroscopic and ...

Nano/micro-manufacturing under wet condition is an important consideration for various tool-based processes such as indentation, scratching, and machining. The existence of liquids adds complexity to the system, changes the tool/work interfacial condition, and affects material behaviors. For indentation, it may also affect material property measurements. However, little effort has been made to ...

Neutron penetration in tissue is a major limitation of thermal NCT, as such much work has centered upon the epithermal neutron beam in an effort to improve this situation. Further gains in neutron flux penetration, and thus therapeutic ratios, are possible if natural water is replaced with heavy water prior to therapy. Applying MCNP to a heterogeneous ellipsoidal skull/brain model, advantage de...

The effects of in-cylinder water injection on a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine were studied using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program based on the Kiva-3v code. The spray model is validated against experimental bomb data with good agreement for vapor penetration as a function of time. It was found that liquid penetration increased approximately 35% with 23% of the fuel volume repl...

Successful implantation involves three distinct processes, namely the embryo apposition, attachment, and penetration through the luminal epithelium of the endometrium to establish a vascular link to the mother. After penetration, stromal cells underlying the epithelium differentiate and surround the embryo to form the embryo implantation barrier, which blocks the passage of harmful substances t...