Lime sludge, an inert material mostly composed of calcium carbonate, is the result of softening hard water before distribution as drinking water. A large city such as Des Moines, Iowa, produces about 32 000 tons of lime sludge (dry-weight basis) annually. This is about half of the lime sludge produced in Iowa per year in eight different cities, and these cities currently have 371 800 tons (dry-...

Ensuring reliable access to clean and affordable water is one of the greatest global challenges of this century. As the world's population increases, water pollution becomes more complex and difficult to remove, and global climate change threatens to exacerbate water scarcity in many areas, the magnitude of this challenge is rapidly increasing. Wastewater reuse is becoming a common necessity, e...

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) and forward osmosis (FO) are two emerging technologies with great potential for energy-efficient water/wastewater treatment. BES takes advantage of microbial interaction with a solid electron acceptor/donor to accomplish bioenergy recovery from organic compounds, and FO can extract high-quality water driven by an osmotic pressure. The strong synergy between thos...

The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address US water demand. However, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the USA, and centralized DPR would further require upgradient distr...

Water systems often allow efficient water uses via water reuse and/or recirculation. The design of the network layout connecting waterusing processes is a complex problem which involves several criteria to optimize. The use of the water pinch approach to define which of the effluents from unitary operations are most convenient to reuse is a good alternative used by some practitioners. Previousl...

According to Dahl (2014), water shortages in parts of the United States are so dire that attitudes toward wastewater reuse, including direct injection into drinking water, are becoming more favorable. He noted 12 locations nationwide that directly or in directly blend highly treated wastewater with potable supplies, with more projects planned. California’s ongoing crisis-level drought has convi...

Introduction :By ever-increasing of population, shortage of water resources and the necessity of wastewater treatment, huge volumes of sludge that is a byproduct of wastewater treatment, requires to be disposed in environmentally secure ways. The target of specifying strategic preferences of reuse of sludge has been to find the correct way of disposal or beneficial use of sludge. Material and ...

S WATER AND HEALTH – Vol. II-Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for agriculture reuse-B.

Public support is crucial for successful implementation of wastewater reuse projects. This paper analyses the findings of a questionnaire-type survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of Israeli urban public towards possible urban reuse options. The paper summarises the support/objection to 13 reuse options and the correlation between support and environmental awareness and...