Determining water structure in nanopores and its influence on water transport behaviour is of great importance for understanding and regulating the transport across nanopores. Here we report an ultrafast-slow flow transition phenomenon for water transport across nanopores of carbon nanotubes owing to the change in water structure in nanopores induced by temperature. By performing extensive mole...

Many factors impact a city’s water consumption, including population distribution, average household income, water prices, water conservation programs, and climate. Of these, however, meteorological effects are considered to be the primary determinants of water consumption. In this study, the effects of climate on residential water consumption in Las Vegas, Nevada, were examined during the peri...

Larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) were exposed to either a warm (18 degrees C) or a cold (3 degrees C) water temperature and either with (treated) or without (untreated) the presence of potassium perchlorate (KClO4). After 23 weeks, larvae were examined for signs of metamorphosis and serum samples were collected to assay thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. Wat...

The Pacific salmonid species Oncorhynchus mykiss is separated into a migratory form (steelhead trout) and a non-migratory form (rainbow trout). A decrease in water temperature is likely a cue triggering downstream behavior in the migratory form, and testosterone inhibits onset of this behavior. To elucidate differences in sensitivity to water temperature decreases between the migratory and non-...

different control strategies of bed temperature and moisture were investigated using various inlet air temperatures and air fluxes in both the ordinary packed bed bioreactor (without cooling water in the jacket) and the bioreactor with cooling water in jacket. the experiments were carried out within a 1-l solid-state packed bed bioreactor in which aspergillus niger was cultivated on wheat bran....

Thirteen cohorts of the Caribbean reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum were collected over 4 yr (2000 to 2003) in the upper Florida Keys, USA. Juvenile fish were censused and collected from replicate reefs shortly after settlement. The otoliths were examined to obtain early life history information such as timing of spawning, larval growth, pelagic larval duration, size-at-age, timing of settlement...

We describe a vertically scanning infrared radiometer for measuring the air-sea temperature difference without disturbing the water skin layer. The radiometer operates with a single wavelength channel that is 1.1 mum wide, centered on 14.2 mum, on the short-wavelength edge of a CO(2) atmospheric absorption band. The resulting high atmospheric absorption enables calibration of the horizontal-vie...

The present paper explores the result of hygrothermic aging of polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam core sandwich composites immersed in different temperature deionized (DI) and sea waters. The prepared specimens were tested for moisture up-take behavior and the resulting property degradation in terms of flexural and flat wise compressive strength. The results indicate that the saturated hygroscopic t...

The objective of this paper is to investigate water supercooling. Supercooling occurs when a liquid does not freeze although its temperature is below its freezing point. In general, supercooling is an unstable condition and occurs under special conditions. The parameters that influence supercooling stability and probability of occurrence include freezer temperature and water’s initial temperatu...

Water birds whose young begin swimming while downy are interesting because hypothermia and mortality are associated with wetting. While wetting is known to increase heat loss, little is known about basic issues, such as the amount of heat lost to air vs water during surface swimming. To partition heat loss to air and water, we measured the body temperature, metabolism and thermal conductance of...