Lately, environmentally benign packaging materials with biodegradability, flexibility, and high barrier properties are sought after as a substitute for conventional plastic due to increasing pollution microplastics in the environment. Although natural polymers can be sustainable alternatives petro-sourced, non-biodegradable plastics, they suffer from poor mechanical properties. In this study, m...

Abstract The hygroscopic and electrical properties of the wood surface Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) common beech Fagus sylvatica L.) were altered by application differently concentrated NaCl aqueous solutions. presence Na + Cl – ions increased equilibrium moisture content in both woods environments with a relative humidity 75% to nearly saturated state. resistance decreased, while c...

Wood surface roughness, free energy (SFE), wettability, and bonding quality for water-based acrylic coatings were investigated. The samples tested in this study included Pinus radiata, sylvestris, Larch, Hemp oak, Catalpa tree, Camphor. Sandpaper with grits of 180, 240, 320, 400, 500 was utilized to sand wood surfaces. van OSS-Chaudhury-Good equation (vOCG) used calculate the SFE values. modifi...

Owing to the requirement for environmental protection, water-based coatings have become a significant trend in development of coatings. The epoxy curing agent has also hot research topic. In this study, B-A-B compound with long hydrophobic alkyl chain connected intermediate nitrogen atom was synthesized at both ends molecule using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and 3,4-dimethoxyaniline as raw...

Chronic Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa. Male and female copepods were exposed (6 d) separately to different combinations of Cu concentration and water salinity (5, 15, and 30 ppt) using different routes of exposure (waterborne, waterborne plus dietborne, and dietborne). After exposure, groups of one male and three female copepods were allowed to reproduce for ...

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to control, 3 microg/L waterborne Cd, or 500 mg/kg dietary Cd in combination with either a control (20 mg/g Ca2+ as CaCO3) or elevated (60 mg/g Ca2+) Ca2+ diet for 28 d. No mortality or growth effects were observed in response to either route of Cd exposure, although fish fed Ca2+-supplemented diets exhibited minor reductions in growth w...

Waterborne diseases occur worldwide, and outbreaks caused by the contamination of community water systems have the potential to cause disease in large numbers of consumers. Waterborne outbreaks have economic consequences beyond the cost of health care for affected patients, their families and contacts, and the economic costs of illness and disease, as they also create a lack of confidence in po...

In Chapter 3, the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in animal populations was discussed. In the present Chapter, methods used to reduce these zoonotic pathogens in animal populations and their waste products are presented. However, it must be borne in mind that farm-level interventions are rarely primarily aimed at reducing risks associated with waterborne disease in humans; most commonly the ob...

One of the most important issues related to public health is parasitic diseases. Many diseases are zoonotic, emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, prevalent and difficult to control [1]. Some of these diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria, Chagas disease and so on are vectorborne causing by pathogens transmitted by arthropods [2-4]. Some others are foodor water-borne so that contaminated food or ...

Since perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) had been detected in eggs of seabirds and fish, toxicity of waterborne PFOS to embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was investigated. However, because assessment of effects by use of dietary exposure of adults is time-consuming and expensive, a study was conducted to compare effects on embryos via nanoinjection and waterborne exposure. Nanoinje...