This paper examines the impact of two popular solid waste programs on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the residential solid waste stream. We examine a unique, national, household-level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. We find that access to curbsi...

Although the multiplication of bacteriophages (phages) has a substantial impact on the biosphere, comparatively little is known about how the external environment affects phage production. Here we report that sub-lethal concentrations of certain antibiotics can substantially stimulate the host bacterial cell’s production of some virulent phage. For example, a low dosage of cefotaxime, a cephalo...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential impact of two alcohol control policies under consideration in England: banning below cost selling of alcohol and minimum unit pricing. DESIGN Modelling study using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 2.5. SETTING England 2014-15. POPULATION Adults and young people aged 16 or more, including subgroups of moderate, hazardous, and harmful drinkers. ...

BACKGROUND The inverse relation between energy density (kcal/g) and energy cost (price/kcal) has been interpreted to suggest that produce (fruit, vegetables) is more expensive than snacks (cookies, chips). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to show the methodologic weakness of comparing energy density with energy cost. DESIGN The relation between energy density and energy cost was re...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of e-procurement to obtain supplies for a network of seven university hospitals with a joint purchase system. METHODS The study was carried out between October 2003 and October 2005. We analyzed nine joint purchases of 37 pharmaceutical items. All the items were purchased in at least two-thirds of the nine occasions and/or were among the 10 items with the highest...

Recent evidence for salt-water oceans beneath the ice crusts of Europa and Callisto (1, 2) has bolstered speculation that these satellites of Jupiter may harbor life (3,4). Attention has focused on Europa. The geology and young age of its surface (5,6) and the predicted heat flow from radiogenic decay and tidal dissipation (7,8) suggest a geologically active interior and liquid water at shallow...

Cognitive neuroscience and discourse processing are both young fields, yet their intersection has already produced a surprisingly rich body of results. In this chapter, we outline the major findings of past work and then describe some exciting new directions in discourse processing research. We begin with a discussion of the evolutionary origins of discourse processing, follow this with a discu...

‎Recently‎, ‎some techniques such as adding whiskers and attaching graphs to vertices of a given graph‎, ‎have been proposed for constructing a new vertex decomposable graph‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we present a new method for constructing vertex decomposable graphs‎. ‎Then we use this construction to generalize the result due to Cook and Nagel‎.