We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of car...

This paper presents a sequential detection scheme for sinusoidal signals observed in spatially colored noise which controls the probability of overestimating the number of signals. The scheme is based on the Sequentially Rejective Bonferroni Test together with the nonlinear weighted least squares approach for estimation of the signal parameters under the hypotheses and alternatives respectively...

Consider the performance of an options writer who mis-speciies the dynamics of the price process of the underlying asset by overestimating asset price volatility. When does he overprice the option? If he follows the hedging strategy suggested by his model, when does the terminal value of his strategy dominate the option payout? We show that both these events happen if the option payoo is a conv...

This paper derives two mechanisms through which Bayesian-rational individuals with differing priors will tend to be relatively overconfident about their estimates and predictions, in the sense of overestimating the precision of these estimates. The intuition behind one mechanism is slightly ironic: in trying to update optimally, Bayesian agents overweight information of which they over-estimate...

Routine clinical test weighing was carried out on 100 bottle-fed infants to assess the accuracy of the procedure; the feed intake was measured by weighing the feeding bottles before and after feeding. Test weight was found to be an unreliable indication of feed weight, underestimating the amount of feed actually taken at test weight values below 60 g, and overestimating the amount of feed taken...

This article makes two arguments: first, it argues that theories connecting ethnic group mobilization with democratic bargaining are based, often unwittingly, on primordialist assumptions that bias them toward overestimating the intractability of ethnic group demands. Second, it proposes a synthesis of constructivist approaches to ethnic identity and social choice theory to show how we who stud...

Current multisensor fusion tracking systems can be easily overwhelmed by incoming data, especially as the number of targets and sensors increases. Sensor management schemes have been proposed to reduce the computational demand of these systems while minimizing the loss of tracking performance. This report presents a system that will maintain a desired covariance level for each target while redu...

INTRODUCTION This in vivo study assessed accuracy and reliability of tooth length measurements obtained from conventional panoramic radiographs and CBCT panoramic reconstructions to that of a digital caliper (gold standard). METHODS The sample consisted of subjects who had CBCT and conventional panoramic radiographic imaging and who required maxillary premolar extraction for routine orthodont...

Loop quantum gravity, a non-perturbative and manifestly background free, quantum theory of gravity implies that at the kinematical level the spatial geometry is discrete in a specific sense. The spirit of background independence also requires a nonstandard quantum representation of matter. While loop quantization of standard model fields has been proposed, detail study of its implications is no...

This paper presents a practical risk assessment methodology to provide drinking water infrastructure (DWI) decision-makers with an objective risk assessment tool. The purpose of this risk assessment tool is to maintain the desired level-of-service or systems reliability [r(f)], while managing the financial uncertainty of the expected budgetary impact within the capital improvement program (CIP)...