Reflectance anisotropy is a signal that contains information on the optical and structural properties of a surface and can be studied by performing multi-angular reflectance measurements that are often done using cumbersome goniometric measurements. In this paper we describe an innovative and fast method where we use a hyperspectral pushbroom spectrometer mounted on a multirotor unmanned aerial...

Many recent reviews and meta-analyses of N2O emissions do not include data from Mediterranean studies. In this paper we present a meta-analysis of the N2O emissions from Mediterranean cropping systems, and propose a more robust and reliable regional emission factor (EF) for N2O, distinguishing the effects of water management, crop type, and fertilizer management. The average overall EF for Medi...

Residue management in cropping systems is useful to improve soil quality. However, the studies on the effects of residue management on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from paddy field in southern China are few. Therefore, the emissions of CH4 and N2O were investigated in double cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems with different winter covering crops using the static chamber-g...

Here we present results of a three-year study to determine the fate of imidacloprid residues in hive matrices and to assess chronic sublethal effects on whole honey bee colonies fed supplemental pollen diet containing imidacloprid at 5, 20 and 100 μg/kg over multiple brood cycles. Various endpoints of colony performance and foraging behavior were measured during and after exposure, including wi...

Sorghum-sudangrass hybrids and pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke., are grown extensively in the southeastern United States; the former is used for forage, seed, and summer cover crop and the latter, primarily for grazing, forage, and summer cover crop. The extended period during which these crops can be planted makes them especially adapted to a doublecropping system with winter-gr...

Biogeosciences Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Biogeosciences (BG). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in BG if available. Abstract Complex dynamic models of carbon and nitrogen are often used to investigate the consequences of climate change on agricultural production and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. These models require high ...

The influence of concurrent introduction of three transgenic vegetable cultivars on seasonal dynamics of coccinellids and their food, aphids and pollen, was examined within diversified farm systems practicing insect pest management in northeastern US agroecosystems. The transgenic cultivars used included sweet corn, potato, and winter squash, expressing Cry1(A)b, Cry3A, and plant viral coat pro...

It is statistically proved that in production of grain crops, harvesting the most labor-and resource-intensive. A comparative technical and economic assessment technologies for winter wheat by direct combine was carried out. The calculations performed under conditions model economy region feasibility updating fleet equipment with machines equipped combing adapters crops.

now a day winter cover crops planting has been attended to reduce herbicide application. an experiment was carried out at the research farm of agriculture faculty, bu- ali sina, university, in 2009. the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. the trial included of five treatments consists of no cover crop, rye, winter oilseed rape, barley and triticale. the re...

Results We present global planting date patterns for maize, spring wheat and winter wheat (our full, publicly available data set contains planting and harvesting dates for 19 major crops). Maize planting in the northern mid-latitudes generally occurs in April and May. Daily average air temperatures are usually c. 12–17 °C at the time of maize planting in these regions, although soil moisture of...