usual short period that women of the poorer and labouring classes resume their domestic duties. She is not aware of her perinseum being torn, and she now presents no evidence of such having been produced. She was recommended to wear a pessary, but was unable from want of pecuniary means to do so. She had always suffered much inconvenience from constipation, and had considerable pain when the wo...

IntroductIon The incidence of fetal cardiac tumor was about 0.14% as determined by fetal echocardiography.[1] It was extremely difficult to deal with the fetus when the severe circulatory instability was induced by a cardiac tumor in the womb. It was reported that ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure solved the problems of fetal airway or pulmonary lesion during delivery to avoid hyp...

The sterile womb paradigm is an enduring premise in biology that human infants are born sterile. Recent studies suggest that infants incorporate an initial microbiome before birth and receive copious supplementation of maternal microbes through birth and breastfeeding. Moreover, evidence for microbial maternal transmission is increasingly widespread across animals. This collective knowledge com...

Ancient development environment (DA). This term refers to the environment surrounding our hominid ancestors in their formative years, that is, while they developed from fertilized egg to reproductively mature individuals. The term environment is used here broadly; generally meaning all factors that were not genetic in nature, such as social, nutritional, climatic, and other related factors. Lik...

I intend the present paper to be my last word1 in the debate I have been having with Walter Block (2010, 2011a, 2011b) on the subject of evictionism as an alleged libertarian “third way,” capable of transcending the familiar “pro-life” and “pro-choice” dichotomy. In this debate, I myself defended what might be regarded as a qualified “pro-life” position, while Block consistently argued for his ...

External cephalic version (ECV) is the technique of attempting to turn a baby in the womb from a head-up to a head-down position. The practice is grounded on evidence that vaginal breech birth (VBB) presents greater short-term risks for babies than caesarean section (CS) (Hofmeyr et al 2011), but that labour and vaginal birth also offer benefits to both mothers and babies. Therefore, if we can ...

An ectopic pregnancy (Greek ektopos, or out of place), or eccysis, is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity. In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg enters the uterus and settles into the uterine lining where it has plenty of room to divide and grow. About 1% of pregnancies are in an ectopic location with implantation not occurring inside of the w...

A narrow passage called the cervical canal (or endocervical canal) goes from your vagina to the inside of your womb. This is normally kept tightly shut. However, it allows blood to flow out from your uterus during a period and sperm to travel inside when you have sex. It opens very wide during labour when you have a baby. The surface of your cervix is covered with skin-like cells. There are als...