Lexicons of word difficulty are useful for various educational applications, including readability classification and text simplification. In this work, we explore automatic creation of these lexicons using methods which go beyond simple term frequency, but without relying on age-graded texts. In particular, we derive information for each word type from the readability of the web documents they...

This paper describes our ongoing research project on text simplification for congenitally deaf people. Text simplification we are aiming at is the task of offering a deaf reader a syntactic and lexical paraphrase of a given text for assisting her/him to understand what it means. In this paper, we discuss the issues we should address to realize text simplification and report on the present resul...

In this paper, we propose a new approach to readability assessment with a specific view to the task of text simplification: the intended audience includes people with low literacy skills and/or with mild cognitive impairment. READ–IT represents the first advanced readability assessment tool for what concerns Italian, which combines traditional raw text features with lexical, morpho-syntactic an...

In this paper we present the corpus of Basque simplified texts. This corpus compiles 227 original sentences of science popularisation domain and two simplified versions of each sentence. The simplified versions have been created following different approaches: the structural, by a court translator who considers easy-to-read guidelines and the intuitive, by a teacher based on her experience. The...

Text simplification is the process of transforming a text into an equivalent which is more understandable for a target user. We focus on text simplification in the Spanish language and present a corpus-based study of simplification operations. The study has implications for the development of an automatic simplification system.

In this paper, algorithms for the simplification and reconstruction of large triangle meshes are described. The simplification process creates an edge-collapse hierarchy in external memory, which is used for online reconstruction. The hierarchy indices are renamed after simplification, in order to allow fast reconstructions and the hierarchy is extended with information for view-dependent rende...

Sentence simplification aims to make sentences easier to read and understand. Most recent approaches draw on insights from machine translation to learn simplification rewrites from monolingual corpora of complex and simple sentences. We address the simplification problem with an encoder-decoder model coupled with a deep reinforcement learning framework. Our model, which we call DRESS (as shorth...

5 Simplification procedures 72 5.1 Simplification under Landau symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2 Simproc setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.3 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3.1 Product simplification tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3.2 Real product decision procure tests . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3.3 Su...

In a recent paper1 the writer has reviewed some anatomical work which seems to promise a welcome simplification of teaching as to the supports of the pelvic viscera. The present communication contains an attempt to indicate some practical applications of this anatomical work, which is now briefly summarised. Let it be said at once that etiology is not discussed below, the actual lesions and the...

We study the structural simplification of chemical reaction networks preserving the deterministic kinetics. We aim at finding simplification rules that can eliminate intermediate molecules while preserving the dynamics of all others. The rules should be valid even though the network is plugged into a bigger context. An example is Michaelis-Menten’s simplification rule for enzymatic reactions. I...