Surfactants are often added to herbicidal formulations improve the delivery of herbicide into plants. In this study a new formulation was formed based on clopyralid with 0.01% gemini surfactant hexanediyl-1,6-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) (16-6-16) as an adjuvant. The increase in efficiency associated formation supramolecular surfactant–herbicide complex (SMC), which has improved wetting p...

in order to investigate the environmental factors including temperature, moisture, and plant hormones on dormancy breaking of seeds of xanthium strumarium l. a number of experiments were conducted. x. strumarium seeds were dormant soon after being harvested. seed germination of cocklebur increased through a combination of cooling, temperature fluctuations following ripening. most seed germinati...

In this study, ITS–rDNA region was used to identify some anamorphic powdery mildews in Guilan province. According to the results, Erysiphe species on Vicia faba and Sesbania punicea showed 100% similarity to each other, however, without ITS sequence of holotype of E. sesbaniae it is impossible to make conclusion whether Vicia faba powdery mildew fungus actually belongs to E. sesbaniae or E. tri...

Abscisic acid accumulates in detached, wilted leaves of Xanthium strumarium. When these leaves are subsequently rehydrated, phaseic acid, a catabolite of abscisic acid, accumulates. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of phaseic acid isolated from stressed and subsequently rehydrated leaves placed in an atmosphere containing 20% (18)O(2) and 80% N(2) indicates that one atom of (18)...

The effects of ethylene evolved from ethephon on leaf and whole plant photosynthesis in Xanthium strumarium L. were examined. Ethylene-induced epinasty reduced light interception by the leaves of ethephon treated plants by up to 60%. Gas exchange values of individual, attached leaves under identical assay conditions were not inhibited even after 36 hours of ethylene exposure, although treated l...

The mediation of herbicide effects on weed-crop combinations by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi is essentially unknown. We conducted a greenhouse study to determine if VAM fungi, whose hyphae interconnect the roots of adjacent plants, modify herbicide effects by enhancing nutrient fluxes between associated plants. Soybean (Glyc ine max (L.) Merr.) and common cocklebur ( X a n t h i...