Polycomb group proteins mediate transcriptional silencing in diverse developmental processes. Sex chromosomes undergo chromosome-wide transcription silencing during male meiosis. Here we report that mouse SCML2 (Sex comb on midleg-like 2), an X chromosome-encoded polycomb protein, is specifically expressed in germ cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids. SCML2 associ...

Individuals with 45,X/46,XY karyotype are at increased risk for germ cell tumor development. We report a case with a diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis who presented with short stature, physical stigmata of Turner syndrome. Her pubertal development was at Tanner stage 3. At follow-up, bilateral prophylactic gonadectomy was performed when considering the risk factors. Pathological assess...

Graph algebras establish a connection between directed graphs without multiple edges and special universal algebras of type (2, 0). We say that a graph G satisfies an identity s ≈ t if the corresponding graph algebra A(G) satisfies s ≈ t. A graph G = (V, E) is called an (xy)x ≈ x(yy) graph if the graph algebra A(G) satisfies the equation (xy)x ≈ x(yy). An identity s ≈ t of terms s and t of any ...

In mammals a single gene on the Y chromosome, Sry, controls testis formation. One of the earliest effects of Sry expression is the induction of somatic cell migration from the mesonephros into the XY gonad. Here we show that mesonephric cells are required for cord formation and male-specific gene expression in XY gonads in a stage-specific manner. Culturing XX gonads with an XY gonad at their s...

Two case histories are presented documenting structural chromosome abnormalities in infertile males. The abnormalities were detected only after application of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was repeatedly unsuccessful or resulted in an abnormal pregnancy. A mosaic Robertsonian translocation 45,XY,der(13;13)(q10; q10)/46,XY,t(13;13)(p10;p10), der(13p;13p) incompatible with normal offspr...

Let R be the set of positive real numbers, B a Banach space, f : R → B, and > 0, p, q, P,Q ∈ R with pqPQ/ 0. We prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the Jensen type logarithmic functional inequality ‖f xy − Pf x − Qf y ‖ ≤ in restricted domains of the form { x, y : x > 0, y > 0, xy ≥ d} for fixed k, s ∈ R with k / 0 or s / 0 and d > 0. As consequences of the results we obtain asymptotic behaviors ...

The functional equation f(y − x) − g(xy) = h (1/x− 1/y) is solved for general solution. The result is then applied to show that the three functional equations f(xy) = f(x)+f(y), f(y−x)−f(xy) = f(1/x−1/y) and f(y−x)−f(x)−f(y) = f(1/x−1/y) are equivalent. Finally, twice differentiable solution functions of the functional equation f(y − x) − g1(x) − g2(y) = h (1/x− 1/y) are determined.

This paper introduces an exploration to permuting ability of a 2D torus under deterministic XY routing. The research is carried out for a number of communication models, namely, unidirectional uniaxial, bidirectional uniaxial, unidirectional biaxial, and bidirectional biaxial. Necessary and sufficient conditions of blocking occurrence in a 2D torus for uniaxial models are expressed mathematical...

Mutations in the Y linked testis determining gene SRY cause 46,XY sex reversal. However, only about 15% of cases of 46,XY sex reversal are accounted for by mutations in SRY. In this study we have investigated the possibility that mutations affecting the expression of SRY might cause some of the cases of sex reversal in which the coding sequence of SRY is normal. We have screened 2 kb of DNA imm...