introduction: to evaluate the camp -mediated ibmx (3-isobutyle -1-methyl xanthin) and db-camp (dibutyryl camp) effects on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hescs) into nerve cells were the objectives of this study. methods: we have used royan h1 hesc- derived embryoid bodies with four treatment groups: six days treatment with ibmx (5×10 -4m) and db-camp (10 -9m) (referred to as cam...

Introduction: To evaluate the cAMP -mediated IBMX (3-IsoButyle -1-Methyl Xanthin) and db-cAMP (dibutyryl cAMP) effects on differentiation of human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) into nerve cells were the objectives of this study. Methods: We have used Royan H1 hESC- derived embryoid bodies with four treatment groups: six days treatment with IBMX (5×10 -4M) and db-cAMP (10 -9M) (referred to as...

We discuss the functional roles of β₂-adrenergic receptors in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy as well as the adaptive responses of β₂-adrenergic receptor expression to anabolic and catabolic conditions. β₂-Adrenergic receptor stimulation using anabolic drugs increases muscle mass by promoting muscle protein synthesis and/or attenuating protein degradation. These effects are prevented by...

alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a disorder with multiple pathophysiological causes, destructive outcomes, and no available definitive cure. pelargonidin (pel), an anthocyanin derivative, is an estrogen receptor agonist with little estrogen side effects. this study was designed to assess pel memory enhancing effects on the a rat amyloid beta 25-35 (aβ) intrahippocampal microinjections model of ad in...

background: coronary artery disease (cad) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. the aim of this study was to explore the effect of resveratrol (res) on canonical β-catenin/wnt and forkhead box o (foxo) pathways in cad patients.method: we performed this study on 10 metabolic syndrome patients with three-vessel cad and 10 sex-aged matched healthy subjects. the effects of res on...

β-arrestin-dependent activation of the ERK MAP kinase downstream of GPCRs typically originates from internalized receptor-β-arrestin-ERK complexes. A new study now reports that β-arrestin 2 is sufficiently 'primed' after 'kissing' the β1-adrenergic receptor to initiate ERK activation even in the absence of formation of the receptor-β-arrestin-ERK complex and receptor internalization.

Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), B (dynB), big (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 endomorphin-2 also potential peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ κ, is well established, NC-IUP...

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of resveratrol (RES) on Canonical β-catenin/Wnt and forkhead box O (FOXO) pathways in CAD patients.Method: We performed this study on 10 metabolic syndrome patients with three-vessel CAD and 10 sex-aged matched healthy subjects. The effects of RES on...

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of resveratrol (RES) on Canonical β-catenin/Wnt and forkhead box O (FOXO) pathways in CAD patients.Method: We performed this study on 10 metabolic syndrome patients with three-vessel CAD and 10 sex-aged matched healthy subjects. The effects of RES on...