Starch consumption is a prominent characteristic of agricultural societies and hunter-gatherers in arid environments. In contrast, rainforest and circum-arctic huntergatherers and some pastoralists consume much less starch1–3. This behavioral variation raises the possibility that different selective pressures have acted on amylase, the enzyme responsible for starch hydrolysis4. We found that co...

We constructed population pharmacokinetic (PK) models for the five constituents of daikenchuto (DKT), a traditional Japanese herbalmedicine. Data were collected from two randomized PK studies conducted in Japan and the United States. Participants received single oral doses of 2.5 g, 5 g, and 10 g of DKT. The plasma concentrations of five DKT constituents—hydroxy-a-sanshool (HAS), hydroxyl-bsans...

One of the fundamental challenges of binocular vision is that objects project to different positions on the two retinas (binocular disparity). Neurons in visual cortex show two distinct types of tuning to disparity, position and phase disparity, which are the results of differences in receptive field location and profile, respectively. Here, we point out that phase disparity does not occur in n...

Sınavlar, kişinin bilgisinin ve deneyimlerinin ölçülmesi için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Osmanlı eğitim sisteminin parçası olan sınavlar bilhassa askerî yapıdaki modernleşmeyle birlikte önemini daha da arttırmıştır. İşte bu çalışmada, 1912 senesinde Bahriye Mektebinde yapılan hakkında yazılan raporlar incelenecektir. Raporlar, bahriye zabiti eğitiminde, İngiliz sistemine geçilmesinden sonra hazı...

Scleroderma, which follows rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as the third most prevalent rheumatic disorder, is poorly understood. Connective tissue abnormalities have been explored extensively (1); recently, vascular involvement has been emphasized as a unifying pathogenetic concept (2, 3). The vascular features in scleroderma include Raynaud's phenomenon; an early, edemato...