The mle(napts) mutation causes temperature-dependent blockade of action potentials resulting from decreased abundance of para-encoded Na+ channels. Although maleless (mle) encodes a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) helicase, exactly how mle(napts) affects para expression remained uncertain. Here, we show that para transcripts undergo adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing via a mechanism that app...

This article considers the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the joint distribution function of an interval censored survival time and a continuous mark variable. We derive a new explicit formula for the MLE that has both computational and theoretical advantages. Using this formula and the mark specific cumulative hazard function of Huang & Louis (1998), we derive the almost ...

BACKGROUND In rats, esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) without concomitant chemical carcinogen treatment leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease, multilayered epithelium (MLE, a presumed precursor in intestinal metaplasia), columnar-lined esophagus, dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Previously we have shown that columnar-lined esophagus in EGDA rats resembled human Barrett's eso...

Drosophila maleless (mle) is required for X chromosome dosage compensation and is essential for male viability. Maleless protein (MLE) is highly homologous to human RNA helicase A and the bovine counterpart of RNA helicase A, nuclear helicase II. In this report, we demonstrate that MLE protein, overexpressed and purified from Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus, possesses RNA/DNA he...

We study a class of quadratic stochastic programs where the distribution of random variables has unknown parameters. A traditional approach is to estimate the parameters using a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and to use this as input in the optimization problem. For the unconstrained case, we show that an estimator that shrinks the MLE towards an arbitrary vector yields a uniformly better r...

In this study, I investigate the necessary condition for the consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of spatial models with a spatial moving average process in the disturbance term. I show that the MLE of spatial autoregressive and spatial moving average parameters is generally inconsistent when heteroskedasticity is not considered in the estimation. I also show that the MLE of pa...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of the accumulation of major life events (MLE) in childhood and adulthood, in both the private and working domains, on risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, we aimed to test the possible interaction between childhood and adult MLE and to investigate modification of these associations by educational attainment. METHODS ...

For the tree topology, previous studies show the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of a link/path takes a polynomial form with a degree that is one less than the number of descendants connected to the link/path. Since then, the main concern is focused on searching for methods to solve the high degree polynomial without using iterative approximation. An explicit estimator based on the Law of Lar...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection patterns with or without the medial lower eyelid (MLE) in treating benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and influencing lacrimal drainage. Two different injection patterns of BoNT-A were randomly applied to 98 eyes of 49 BEB patients: MLE Group received a full injection pattern of 5 sites and non-MLE ...

This study examined the laxative effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which contains high levels of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds, against loperamide-induced constipation in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal group (N) and three experimental groups; loperamide treated group (C), loperamide and LAB-fermented MLE 300 mg/kg treate...