Venom peptide toxins such as conotoxins play a critical role in the characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) structure and function and have potential as nervous system therapeutics as well. However, the lack of solved structures of conotoxins bound to nAChRs and the large size of these peptides are barriers to their computational docking and design. We addressed these chall...

This study examined lay theories regarding gender identity disorder (GID). Pilot interviews were completed with participants (n = 10) regarding their views on possible causes and treatments of GID. Participants (mainly young British people and students; n = 124) then completed a questionnaire that was based on the interviews and a review of the salient literature on lay theories. As hypothesize...

Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) are echo-like sounds that are produced by the inner ear in response to click-stimuli. CEOAEs generally have a higher amplitude in women compared to men and neonates already show a similar sex difference in CEOAEs. Weaker responses in males are proposed to originate from elevated levels of testosterone during perinatal sexual differentiation. Therefore...

BACKGROUND We explored whether the cognitive performance of gender identity disorder patients (GID) was comparable to that of their biological sex or skewed towards that of their gender identity. METHOD We tested four potentially sex-sensitive cognitive factors (rotation, visualization, perception, and verbalization) as well as two neutral factors (logic and arithmetic) in GID patients from N...

Etiology is unknown in the majority of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One strategy to investigate pathogenesis is to stratify this heterogeneous disorder based on a prominent phenotypic feature that enriches for homogeneity within population strata. Co-occurring gastrointestinal dysfunction (GID) characterizes a subset of children with ASD. Our current objective was to investi...

Previous research suggests that prenatal testosterone affects the 2D:4D finger ratio in humans, and it has been speculated that prenatal testosterone also affects gender identity differentiation. If both things are true, then one would expect to find an association between the 2D:4D ratio and gender identity. We measured 2D:4D in two samples of patients with gender identity disorder (GID). In S...

The intent of this paper is to study generalized inductive definitions on the basis of Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory, CZF. In theories such as classical ZermeloFraenkel Set Theory, it can be shown that every inductive definition over a set gives rise to a least and a greatest fixed point, which are sets. This principle, notated GID, can also be deduced from CZF plus the full impredic...

To reduce the toxicity of cisplatin N-(2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxylhex-1-yl)-N-dithiocarbamate-L-isoleucine disodium (GID) based therapeutic alliance is investigated. For the proliferation of HepG2, Hela, MES-SA, HL60 and H1299 cells, 27μM of GID based therapeutic alliance gave comparable inhibition to cisplatin alone. For implanted tumor proliferation in mice, 1.667μmol/kg of GID based therapeutic ...

The debate continues as to whether or not a diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) is wanted or needed today, especially for children. Indeed, some are calling for the complete removal of GID from the DSM (Isay, 1997), with the reasoning that GID is used to pathologize gender-variant children. Others suggest that GID has the potential to derail biological priming and places children at ris...