The Quail Neuroretina clone 71 gene (QNR-71) is expressed during the differentiation of retinal pigmented epithelia and the epidermis. It encodes a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that shares significant sequence homologies with several melanosomal proteins. We have studied its intracellular traffic in both pigmented and non-pigmented cells. We report that a di-leucine-based sorting signal (E...

strains were negative for qnrA, qnrB and qnrS and other studies have shown that qnr in A. baumannii is not widespread. 4 Four of the eight qnr genes were found in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates and three in isolates with intermediate susceptibility. C. freundii harboured qnrB8 and was ciprofloxacin-susceptible. Six of the eight (75%) qnr-positive isolates were ESBL-producing strains represent...

OBJECTIVES qnr genes are plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. Five qnr families have been described with several alleles (7 alleles of qnrA, 53 alleles of qnrB, 1 allele of qnrC, 1 allele of qnrD and 6 alleles of qnrS). Their detection requires a PCR specific for each qnr family and further sequencing for allele characterization. METHODS High-resolution melt curve analysis (HRMA) was ...

Quinolones are potent antibacterial agents that specifically target bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Widespread use of these agents has contributed to the rise of bacterial quinolone resistance. Previous studies have shown that quinolone resistance arises by mutations in chromosomal genes. Recently, a multiresistance plasmid was discovered that encodes transferable resistance to quino...

The Qnr proteins belong to the pentapeptide repeat protein family. Despite each pentapeptide repeat unit being an important structural determinant, accurately determining pentapeptide repeat units in the Qnr proteins through sequence-based alignments has been challenging. In the present study, the pentapeptide repeat units of the nine representative Qnr proteins have been precisely determined v...

qnrE1, found in a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, was undetectable by PCR assays used for the six qnr families. qnrE1 was located on a conjugative plasmid (ca. 185 kb) and differed from qnrB alleles by 25%. Phylogenetic reconstructions of qnr genes and proteins and analysis of the qnrE1 surroundings showed that this gene belongs to a new qnr family and was likely mobilized by ISEcp1 fro...

Plasmid toxins CcdB and ParE are part of addiction systems promoting plasmid maintenance. Both target host DNA gyrase, as do quinolones and plasmid-determined Qnr proteins that protect gyrase from quinolone inhibition. We cloned qnrB4, qnrS1, ccdB, parE, and the antitoxin-encoding genes ccdA and parD on compatible plasmids and tested them in combination. CcdB and ParE had no specific effect on ...

INTRODUCTION At the time of the study, 3 plasmid-borne qnr determinants (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) and 1 plasmid-borne aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme determinant that confers quinolone resistance (aac(6')-Ib-cr) had been described in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the prevalence of the 3 qnr determinants in a total of 117 nalidixic acid-resistant urinary isolates of Klebsiella p...

OBJECTIVE Quinolone resistance is usually caused by various chromosomal mutations, but has been more recently associated with plasmids which carry the qnr determinant. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of qnr genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Jamaica. METHODS A total of 255 non-duplicate fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, com...

OBJECTIVES To characterize the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr and ESBL-encoding genes were detected by PCR. MICs of 10 antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest. PFGE was used to investigate the clo...