OBJECTIVE Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) stimulates diverse inflammatory responses resulting in differential cellular phenotypes. To identify the role of NOD2 in vascular arterial obstructive diseases, we investigated the expression and pathophysiological role of NOD2 in a vascular injury model of neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS We first analyzed for ne...

NOD2 (nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2) was initially reported as a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, with several studies focused on elucidating its molecular mechanism in the progression of Crohn's disease. We now know that NOD2 is an intracellular bacterial sensing receptor, and that MDP-mediated NOD2 activation drives inflammatory signaling. Various mutations in NOD2 h...

Blau syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant autoinflammatory granulomatous disease caused by the mutation in NOD2 gene and characterized clinical triad of dermatitis, arthritis, uveitis. Since efficacy Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) has recently been reported for addition to idiopathic sarcoidosis, we evaluate effect tofacitinib, pan JAKi, on inflammatory pathways associated with syndrome. First...

Introduction: Mutations in the NOD2 gene are associated with the development of Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The NOD2 protein induces cellular activation in response to the bacterial antigen muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The NOD2 gene is mainly expressed by circulating blood monocytes although NOD2-associated Crohn’s disease involves mainly the terminal il...

Mutations in the Nod2 gene are among the strongest genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ileal Crohn's disease, but the exact contributions of Nod2 to intestinal mucosal homeostasis are not understood. Here we show that Nod2 plays an essential role in controlling commensal bacterial flora in the intestine. Analysis of intestinal bacteria from the terminal ilea of Nod2-deficient mice showe...

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a peptidoglycan moiety derived from commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and a ligand of its intracellular sensor NOD2. Mutations in NOD2 are highly associated with Crohn disease, which is characterized by dysregulated inflammation in the intestine. However, the mechanism linking abnormality of NOD2 signaling and inflammation has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that ...

NOD2 signalling can both positively and negatively regulate Tolllike receptor (TLR) responses. Previous studies have shown that lack of NOD2 signalling (in NOD2 knockout mice) leads to increased peptidoglycan induction of interleukin (IL)-12 via TLR2. Studies in this issue of Gut show that lack of NOD2 signalling (in patients with NOD2 mutations) leads to decreased CpG induction of tumour necro...

NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2) functions as a pathogen sensor and is involved in development of Crohn disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease. NOD2 functions in concert with the autophagy protein ATG16L1, which is also implicated in Crohn disease. Recently, we identified a novel protective role of ATG16L1 deficiency in uropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced ...

The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NOD2 is activated by the peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide to generate a proinflammatory immune response. Downstream effects include the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 8, the upregulation of pro-interleukin 1β, the induction of autophagy, the production of antimicrobial peptides and defensins, and contributions to the maintenance of ...